Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología Mexican Journal of Phytopathology
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Published By "Revista Mexicana De Fitopatologia, Mexican Journal Of Phytopathology"

2007-8080

Author(s):  
José Jorge Gutiérrez-Samperio

<p>Pests, in their broad sense, have played an important part in the history of humankind. We could say that humans, crops and pests have walked together through life. Codices, glyphs, paintings and countless ancient documents, including the Bible and the Koran, bear witness to this. Humanity has been attacked by its own diseases, but also by those that limit them from obtaining food and deteriorate the environment. COVID-19, which is now troubling us and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020, became a part of the list of experiences we have suffered in the past, with pests or epidemics that caused millions of deaths by diseases or famines. It is paradoxical that this health contingency occurs when the United Nations General Assembly, on December 20th, 2018, in its resolution A/RES/73/252 decides to declare 2020 the International Year of Plant Health in order to “highlight the importance of plant health to improve food security, protect the environment and biodiversity and boost economic development” according to the pronouncement by the FAO. For the first time, in an era with great technological and scientific breakthroughs, humanity was aware of its vulnerability against the inevitable evolution of life forms in the face of dilemmas global impact caused by human beings. Thus, the pest or parasite makes its own declaration of existential preeminence through SARS-CoV-2 to remind us that the health of humans or plants is the essence of life and its continuity. But perhaps absolute health is not enough. It is necessary to find a balance in a world overwhelmed by giving so much in return for almost nothing to everyone living on it. If the sensor of our anthropocentric intervention of the world is climate change, then biological chaos is a masterpiece. The reemergence of pests and diseases considered eradicated, or those of zoonotic origin that had never accompanied our existence is a surreal dystopia that we will never be able to deny again.</p>


Author(s):  
David Montiel-Salero ◽  
Angélica Jiménez-Aguilar ◽  
Susana E. Ramírez-Sánchez ◽  
Daniel Ruiz-Juárez ◽  
Octavio Guerrero-Andrade ◽  
...  

The species<em> Opuntia ficus-indica</em> is affected by pests and diseases, one of the most important of these being golden spot. The latter has been reported in various countries, including Mexico. Symptoms similar to those of golden spot in <em>O. ficus-indica</em> have been observed in the xoconostle crop (<em>Opuntia matudae</em> Scheinvar, cv. Rosa). The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the causative agent that causes the symptoms, which resembled those of the disease described as golden spot in <em>O. ficus-indica</em>. Simple random sampling in the field (10 plots) was carried out on xoconostle plants that presented the described symptoms. Slices of diseased plant tissue were cut and placed in Petri plates with PDA medium. Compliance with Koch’s postulates showed that the isolated (one aislated) of <em>Alternaria</em> sp. obtained from the field samples colonized the cladodes after inoculations in the greenhouse. Through taxonomic keys, <em>Alternaria</em> sp. was identified as the causative microorganism. Molecular characterization of the isolated <em>Alternaria</em> sp. was identified as <em>Alternaria</em> <em>alternata</em>. This is the first report worldwide of <em>Alternaria alternata</em> as the causal agent of golden spot in a xoconostle crop.


Author(s):  
Alejandra Mondragón-Flores ◽  
Patricia Manosalva ◽  
Salvador Ochoa-Ascencio ◽  
Marlene Díaz-Celaya ◽  
Gerardo Rodríguez-Alvarado ◽  
...  

<em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em> is the pathogen most frequently associated with avocado root rot. In Zitácuaro, Michoacán, production has increased by 19.8%; however, there are no studies of root rot in this area. The objective of the study was to characterize the isolates obtained from avocado roots and assess the sensitivity to fungicides. Samples from 5 avocado orchards were collected, sampling 5 trees per orchard (a total of 25 samples). The samples isolated were characterized morphological and molecularly. Mating type was analyzed using reference isolates of<em> P. cinnamomi</em> A1 (isolate from camelia) and A2 (isolate from avocado). To confirm the pathogenicity, tests were performed on avocado fruits with the isolates. The sensitivity of 15 isolates to potassium phosphite and to metalaxyl-M at different concentrations was evaluated<em> in vitro</em>. In a subgroup of six isolates, it was evaluated whether there was a relationship between growth rate and potassium phosphite sensitivity. Fifteen isolates were obtained with coenocytic coraloid mycelium, chlamydospores, sporangia without papilla, ovoid to ellipsoid, with internal proliferation, heterothallic with mating type A2, with amphigynous antheridia and plerotic oospores, characteristics consistent with <em>P. cinnamomi</em>. The inoculated isolates were pathogenic on avocado fruits. The isolates were more sensitive to potassium phosphite than to metalaxyl-M, with mean EC50 values of 24.62 and 0.215 ?g mL-1 of i.a., respectively. No relationship was observed between growth rate and potassium phosphite sensitivity. It is necessary to obtain a greater number of<em> P. cinnamomi</em> isolates for virulence studies.


Author(s):  
Omar Jiménez-Pérez ◽  
Gabriel Gallegos-Morales ◽  
Francisco Daniel Hernández-Castillo ◽  
Melchor Cepeda-Siller ◽  
Cesar Alejandro Espinoza-Ahumada

<p>The production of the pepper seedling (<em>Capsicum annuum</em>) is affected by the fungal complex that causes the ‘damping-off’, in which some species of the oomycete <em>Pythium</em> spp., stand out. The objective of the present study was to identify the causal agent of the death of pepper plants and evaluate its pathogenicity in pepper seeds and seedlings. A fast and aggressive growing oomycete was isolate from pepper plants, morphologically identified as P. aphanidermatum based on its sexual and asexual reproduction structures and, by molecular techniques. This isolate had a high degree of<em> in vitro</em> pathogenicity in pre-emergence and post-emergence in chile, showing 100% mortality. In addition, it presented a high rate of mycelial growth in different culture media (V8-Agar, Corn Agar, Corn Potato Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar, Czapek &amp; Oat Agar), being in V8-Agar medium the only medium where it developed reproduction structures sexual and asexual. The isolation presented a mycelial growth rate of 58.3 ± 0.3 mm / day at 26 ± 2 °C in PDA medium. Due to its rapid growth and its high degree of pathogenicity <em>in vitro</em>, it is an unusual and aggressive isolate for pepper seedlings.</p>


Author(s):  
Arely Anayansi Vargas-Díaz ◽  
Jairo Cristóbal-Alejo ◽  
Blondy Canto-Canché ◽  
María Marcela Gamboa-Angulo

The chrysanthemum is the second most important cut flower in the world, however, its quality and commercial value is affected by the leaf blight produced by <em>Alternaria </em>spp. The objective of this work was to evaluate the causal agent of leaf blight in Chrysanthemum, and its control with aqueous extracts of <em>Acalypha gaumeri </em>and <em>Bonellia flammea</em>. The fungus was collected and identified from leaves and stems of chrysanthemum plants. Subsequently, molecular identification and pathogenicity tests were performed on chrysanthemum plants. In the field, treatments were evaluated with weekly applications of: T1: <em>B. flammea </em>bark extract, T2: <em>A. gaumeri </em>root extract, T3: negative control (water) and T4: Captan® fungicide. Prior to the application of the treatments, plants were inoculated with the isolated fungus (2.5 × 106 spores mL-1) and severity was evaluated. <em>Alternaria chrysanthemi </em>was identified as the causal agent. Based on the severity percentage, the lowest averages of the area under the disease progress curve, the lowest rates of apparent infection, the lowest intensity of the disease and the greater effectiveness in controlling the disease were observed for T2 (165, 0.017, 8 and 67%, respectively) followed by T1 (186, 0.022, 13 y 50 %, respectively) and T4 (179, 0.023, 14 y 45%, respectively), observing a significantly different than negative control T3 (369, 0.025, 25 and 0%, respectively). Plant extracts have potential to be used as an alternative in the management of <em>Alternaria </em>leaf blight in chrysanthemum.


Author(s):  
Luis Martín Rivera-Sosa ◽  
Gustavo Ramírez-Valverde ◽  
Beatriz Martínez-Yáñez ◽  
Alfonsina Judith-Hernández ◽  
Sergio Aranda-Ocampo

<p><em>Clavibacter michiganensis</em> subsp. <em>michiganensis</em> causes bacterial wilt and canker disease of tomato. The objectives of this research were i) to characterize and identify the most aggressive Cmm in Chignahuapan, Puebla, ii) to evaluate the tolerance in two phenological stages of 10 tomato varieties to infection by CP_Cmm1 in the greenhouse and the <em>in vitro</em> sensitivity of the bacteria to bactericides. 12 Cmm isolates were collected from tomato plants and a strain (CP_Cmm-1) with greater aggressiveness was selected according to the time of manifestation of symptoms in plants of var. Reserva. Afterward, the strain was inoculated by cutting with scissors embedded in a suspension with 3 x 108 UFC mL-1 in two phenological stages (at five and 10 true leaves). Symptoms were evaluated for 30 days after inoculation. Additionally, the sensitivity of CP_Cmm-1 to eight commercial bactericides <em>in vitro</em> was evaluated. The results showed that the CP_Cmm-1 strain was identified with 97% similarity with the API20 E system, positive with DAS-ELISA, and by PCR it showed 96.6% identity with <em>Clavibacter michiganensis</em> subsp. <em>michiganensis</em>. The Saher variety showed greater tolerance to infection (* = p?0.05) both in the stage of five and 10 leaves; the varieties Sv4401, Nápoles, and Súper óptimo showed greater susceptibility in the five-leaf stage. The Sv4401 variety was highly susceptible in both stages. Neither variety was resistant to infection by CP_Cmm-1. The use of the Sahel variety and kasugamycin could reduce the damage of this bacteria.</p>


Author(s):  
Luis Enrique Ortiz-Martínez ◽  
Leticia Robles-Yerena ◽  
Santos Gerardo Leyva-Mir ◽  
Moisés Camacho-Tapia ◽  
Lucia Juárez-Rodríguez

<p>Citrus wilt is a disease of recent appearance in the northern area of Veracruz that causes economic losses to producers in the region. The present work aimed to identify the causative agent of this disease and evaluate different fungicides to determine its<em> in vitro</em> sensitivity. A fungus was consistently isolated in plants with wilt symptoms; it was morphologically identified indifferent culture media and molecularly identified by PCR using the EF1-728F/EF1-986R primers. The fungus was inoculated in three varieties of citrus under greenhouse conditions. The sensitivity test was carried out with the fungicides chlorothalonil, benomyl thiabendazole, prochloraz, and a biological agent (<em>Bacillus subtilis</em>) at different concentrations, plus a negative control. <em>Fusarium</em> sp. (Accession No. MW438335) was morphologically and molecularly identified as the causal agent of vascular wilt in citrus fruits, causing growth retardation, decreased number of roots, wilting of the apical bud, and necrosis in the vascular system of the three varieties inoculated. The most effective fungicides in inhibiting mycelial growth were thiabendazole, prochloraz, and the biological agent <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>.</p>


Author(s):  
Javier Roberto Villalobos-Camacho

<p>Everything seemed to go well in the winter of 2019 in Mexico City, but it was exactly a year ago, on February of 2020 when television networks, news outlets and social networks informed that the first case of SARS-CoV-2 had been detected in Mexico. Until that moment, the student community belonging to higher education, which I was a part of, had seen a similar case 11 years before, in 2009, with the A H1N1 influenza, without evident consequences. With the help of digital technology, we got news from all over the world regarding the expansion of COVID-19. We would read about politicians establishing drastic and unimaginable preventive measures such as the closure of borders and airports, the use of face masks, eyewear, gloves, etc. Likewise, a ‘war’ broke out between the main global powers over security inputs and to find who was guilty and/or responsible for this virus. The blame was placed on the vendors and consumers of the market in the city of Wuhan in China, due to a bat soup or eating pangolin. Mexicans are characteristically known for our dark humor and the way in which we laugh at hardships. The jokes with COVID-19 were inevitable. But we had no idea what lay ahead for us. Wednesday, March 18, 2020, was the last day I entered the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco (UAM-X) in a normal way. That day, we only went to find out which our grades were going to be for the eleventh, penultimate, term of my degree. When we left my professor’s office, delighted with my grades, three friends and I decided to celebrate with beers and finger foods in the Xochimilco wharf, near the university. That was the day I later called ‘the silent goodbye to our dreams’. But meanwhile, we enjoyed being only three months away from …graduating! Some were doing their undergraduate social service and others would begin soon. We would comment and laugh. ‘Yeah, my friend. In a year we’ll be here as engineers, working on whatever we want, on something we like, holding the name of UAM-X high’. We would chat about our experiences and thank our beautiful ‘House open to time’. Words thrown to the wind with a touch of happiness and hope, perhaps with much innocence, since we had no idea of the labor market in a country like ours. Dreams, beautiful dreams that drowned as months went by. At exactly 17:00 h, we said goodbye, and our last words were, ‘see you in two weeks’. Two days later, the Mexican government announces that all non-essential activity, including educational activities, was suspended until April 20, and social distancing and voluntary home confinement were in place. The development of the pandemic in Mexico forced the government to extend preventive COVID-19 measures. We started to realize what was going on. There was still much confusion. We knew everything was lost when they told us that the lessons for the twelfth and thirteenth terms would be online, via Zoom or Google Classroom. Goodbye graduation, goodbye to the last get-togethers with classmates, goodbye professors, goodbye to my beloved alma mater. Time kept ticking, never stopping. What did come to a stop were the hopes of all my classmates, friends, my own, our ambitions of working on the fields of Mexico as freshly graduated agronomists. Practicing the theory and ethics that our professors and our university had taught us for four years. Serving our country, our society, finding solutions to problems on the field; social problems, economic problems, from the different areas in which an agronomist and anyone who graduated from UAM-X is trained to cope... All that was left were ‘lost dreams, lost dreams of someone recently graduated, thanks to the pandemic’. Mental problems and anxieties trouble us. Digital technology has stopped being a hobby to be used for its intended purpose, a beneficial everyday tool for human beings. I mention this because thanks to digital media, I have kept in touch with my friends and professors and I have taken some agronomy courses I was interested in. We all complain about this pandemic, we all say it truncated our path and we all have anxieties for having to stay at home. Our everyday lives have changed; some people don’t accept this and have suffered the consequences of it. Some people go about their lives, regardless of what may happen. Different thoughts, but with a common and inevitable reality that I can summarize in three words: ‘fear of death’. As a final thought on what has occurred in these long months of the pandemic, I can express that, as young adults we must let go of consumerism and learn to manage our time and money. To be determined and focus on what we want and need, regardless of outside opinions, yet accept our abilities and limitations to make assertive decisions. To acknowledge and defend our convictions in politics, religion and social networks regarding how we dress, our sexuality, music, and sports such as soccer. Acknowledge their vlues in our daily lives. Not wanting to emulate tendencies or people of a higher social class; accepting the reality we live in, identifying the way things are. The way we are. To value and respect everyone who is a part of our lives. We must work to obtain what we want and end absurd stereotypes. To awaken that nationalistic spirit that we have fallen behind with as Mexicans, to feel proud of belonging to this country and give back to Mexico all it has given us by working hard and lending a hand in society. From here, I thank my parents for supporting me all through my life, regardless of what I did or how. I thank and hold deep love for the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco for having given me the pleasure of its student community. I thank my professors that supported me from May 9, 2016 until today. Some I agreed with in thought and with others, not so much, but I learned lots from them all. I hope others identify with these words I spilled with honesty onto these pages. I am eager for this pandemic to be controlled soon; that there are no more human losses, that the Mexican agriculture goes back to normal and that the economy also slowly recovers. But especially, that the thousands of newly graduated agronomists, those of us who live with frustrated dreams...losted, can work in educational, professional and scientific fields.</p>


Author(s):  
María Del Milagro Granados-Montero

<p>Preventive confinement against COVID-19 changed the teaching-learning process of the Phytopathology course at the Faculty of Agronomy of the UCR. Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) were integrated into a program called ‘Phytopathology 2020, at the distance but together’. Each student received at her home a box of materials, including culture media and a paper microscope, that allowed her to set up and carry out different phytopathological techniques. The result obtained exceeded expectations and previous results in 16 years of teaching experience. The integration of the family into the educational project was surprising, fostering values of mutual commitment in education and prevention of COVID-19.</p>


Author(s):  
Marja Liza Fajardo-Franco ◽  
Martin Aguilar-Tlatelpa

<p>A generalized preventive measure in Mexico against the COVID-19 pandemic was the suspension of in-person non-essential activities, including academic activities. The Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla (Intercultural University of the State of Puebla - UIEP) suspended all classroom course from March 20th, 2019, until the present day. The program of Master of Science in Sustainable Natural Resource Management has remained active in a digital format, facing the following challenges: the speedy implementation of a virtual and distance teaching-learning process; the optimization of computer resources in the face of the digital gap and limited access to these technologies in the region; and an efficient traceability of research processes. COVID-19 displayed the social and digital gap present in the rural areas of Mexico, such as in the case of Sierra Norte de Puebla, in which UIEP is enclaved. However, it also displayed the ability of response and adaptation in the face of the contingency scenario caused by SARS-CoV-2.</p>


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