Internal State-Dependent Conditioned Stimulus Delivery Using Cardiovascular Telemetry in Mice

Dispersal plays a main role in determining spatial dynamics, and both theory and empirical evidence indicate that evolutionary optima exist for constitutive or plastic dispersal behaviour. Plasticity in dispersal can be influenced by factors both internal (state-dependent) or external (context-dependent) to individuals. Parasitism is interesting in this context, as it can influence both types of host dispersal plasticity: individuals can disperse in response to internal infection status but might also respond to the presence of infected individuals around them. We still know little about the driving evolutionary forces of host dispersal plasticity, but a first requirement is the presence of a genetic basis on which natural selection can act. In this study, we used microcosm dispersal mazes to investigate plastic dispersal of 20 strains of the freshwater protist Paramecium caudatum in response to the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. We additionally quantified the genetic component of the plastic responses, i.e. the heritability of state- and context-depended dispersal. We found that infection by the parasite can either increase or decrease dispersal of individual strains relative to the uninfected (state-dependent plasticity), and this to be heritable. We also found strain-specific change of dispersal of uninfected Paramecium when exposed to variable infection prevalence (context-dependent plasticity) with very low level of heritability. To our knowledge, this is the first explicit empirical demonstration and quantification of genetic variation of plastic dispersal in a host-parasite system, which could have important implications for meta-population and epidemiological dynamics. We discuss some of the underlying mechanisms of this variation and link our results to the existing theoretical models.

Download Full-text

Two-Component Fermi Gas on Internal-State-Dependent Optical Lattices

Physical Review Letters ◽

10.1103/physrevlett.95.226402 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 95 (22) ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

M. A. Cazalilla ◽

A. F. Ho ◽

T. Giamarchi

Keyword(s):

Optical Lattices ◽

Internal State ◽

Fermi Gas ◽

State Dependent ◽

Two Component

Download Full-text

A distributed dopamine-gated circuit underpins reproductive state-dependent behavior in Drosophila females

10.1101/2021.07.24.453623 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ariane C Boehm ◽

Anja B Friedrich ◽

Paul Bandow ◽

K.P. Siju ◽

Sydney Hunt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal State ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Neural Pathways ◽

Reproductive State ◽

Behavioral Screening ◽

Whole Brain ◽

State Dependent ◽

Dependent Behavior ◽

Output Neurons ◽

And Behavior

Motherhood induces a drastic, sometimes long-lasting, change in internal state and behavior in most female animals. Here, we show that a mating-induced increase in olfactory attraction of female Drosophila flies to nutrients relies on interconnected neural pathways in the two higher olfactory brain regions, the lateral horn (LH) and the mushroom body (MB). Using whole brain calcium imaging, we find that mating does not induce a global change in the activity of the whole brain nor of entire brain regions, suggesting specific neuronal or network changes in the olfactory system. Systematic behavioral screening and electron microscopy (EM) connectomics identify two types of LH output neurons required for the attraction of females to polyamines -one of them previously implicated in the processing of male pheromones. In addition, we characterize multiple MB pathways capable of inducing or suppressing polyamine attraction, with synaptic connections to the identified LH neurons and a prominent role for the β′1 compartment. Moreover, β′1 dopaminergic neurons are modulated by mating and are sufficient to replace mating experience in virgins inducing the lasting behavioral switch in female preference. Taken together, our data in the fly suggests that reproductive state-dependent expression of female choice behavior is regulated by a dopamine-gated distributed learning circuit comprising both higher olfactory brain centers.

Download Full-text

Acetic acid activates distinct taste pathways in Drosophila to elicit opposing, state-dependent feeding responses

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.47677 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anita V Devineni ◽

Bei Sun ◽

Anna Zhukovskaya ◽

Richard Axel

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Taste Aversion ◽

Behavioral Response ◽

Internal State ◽

State Dependent ◽

Aversive Response ◽

Genetically Determined ◽

Appetitive Response

Taste circuits are genetically determined to elicit an innate appetitive or aversive response, ensuring that animals consume nutritious foods and avoid the ingestion of toxins. We have examined the response of Drosophila melanogaster to acetic acid, a tastant that can be a metabolic resource but can also be toxic to the fly. Our data reveal that flies accommodate these conflicting attributes of acetic acid by virtue of a hunger-dependent switch in their behavioral response to this stimulus. Fed flies show taste aversion to acetic acid, whereas starved flies show a robust appetitive response. These opposing responses are mediated by two different classes of taste neurons, the sugar- and bitter-sensing neurons. Hunger shifts the behavioral response from aversion to attraction by enhancing the appetitive sugar pathway as well as suppressing the aversive bitter pathway. Thus a single tastant can drive opposing behaviors by activating distinct taste pathways modulated by internal state.

Download Full-text

Amygdala neuronal ensembles dynamically encode behavioral states

10.1101/425736 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jan Gründemann ◽

Yael Bitterman ◽

Tingjia Lu ◽

Sabine Krabbe ◽

Benjamin F. Grewe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal State ◽

Relative Activity ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Basal Nucleus ◽

State Dependent ◽

Internal States ◽

Behavioral States ◽

Sensory Responses ◽

Motivated Behaviors ◽

External Stimuli

AbstractInternal states, including affective or homeostatic states, are important behavioral motivators. The amygdala is a key brain region involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors, yet how distinct internal states are represented in amygdala circuits is unknown. Here, by imaging somatic neural calcium dynamics in freely moving mice, we identify changes in the relative activity levels of two major, non-overlapping populations of principal neurons in the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA) that predict switches between exploratory and non-exploratory (defensive, anxiety-like) behavioral states across different environments. Moreover, the amygdala widely broadcasts internal state information via several output pathways to larger brain networks, and sensory responses in BA occur independently of behavioral state encoding. Thus, the brain processes external stimuli and internal states in an orthogonal manner, which may facilitate rapid and flexible selection of appropriate, state-dependent behavioral responses.

Download Full-text

Internal State Dependent Odor Processing and Perception—The Role of Neuromodulation in the Fly Olfactory System

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fncel.2018.00011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sercan Sayin ◽

Ariane C. Boehm ◽

Johanna M. Kobler ◽

Jean-François De Backer ◽

Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow

Keyword(s):

Olfactory System ◽

Internal State ◽

Odor Processing ◽

State Dependent

Download Full-text

State-dependent parasitism by a facultative parasite of fruit flies

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182017000890 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 144 (11) ◽

pp. 1468-1475 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

LIEN T. LUONG ◽

TAYLOR BROPHY ◽

EMILY STOLZ ◽

SOLOMON J. CHAN

Keyword(s):

Internal State ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Model Systems ◽

Life History Strategies ◽

Free Living ◽

Dependent Plasticity ◽

Host Condition ◽

State Dependent ◽

Facultative Parasite ◽

Condition State

SUMMARYParasites can evolve phenotypically plastic strategies for transmission such that a single genotype can give rise to a range of phenotypes depending on the environmental condition. State-dependent plasticity in particular can arise from individual differences in the parasite's internal state or the condition of the host. Facultative parasites serve as ideal model systems for investigating state-dependent plasticity because individuals can exhibit two life history strategies (free-living or parasitic) depending on the environment. Here, we experimentally show that the ectoparasitic mite Macrocheles subbadius is more likely to parasitize a fruit fly host if the female mite is mated; furthermore, the propensity to infect increased with the level of starvation experienced by the mite. Host condition also played an important role; hosts infected with moderate mite loads were more likely to gain additional infections in pairwise choice tests than uninfected flies. We also found that mites preferentially infected flies subjected to mechanical injury over uninjured flies. These results suggest that a facultative parasite's propensity to infect a host (i.e. switch from a free-living strategy) depends on both the parasite's internal state and host condition. Parasites often live in highly variable and changing environments, an infection strategy that is plastic is likely to be adaptive.

Download Full-text

Internal state configures olfactory behavior and early sensory processing in Drosophila larvae

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abd6900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. eabd6900

Author(s):

Katrin Vogt ◽

David M. Zimmerman ◽

Matthias Schlichting ◽

Luis Hernandez-Nunez ◽

Shanshan Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Deprivation ◽

Sensory Processing ◽

Antennal Lobe ◽

Internal State ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Projection Neuron ◽

Projection Neurons ◽

Olfactory Behavior ◽

Appropriate Behavior ◽

State Dependent

Animals exhibit different behavioral responses to the same sensory cue depending on their internal state at a given moment. How and where in the brain are sensory inputs combined with state information to select an appropriate behavior? Here, we investigate how food deprivation affects olfactory behavior in Drosophila larvae. We find that certain odors repel well-fed animals but attract food-deprived animals and that feeding state flexibly alters neural processing in the first olfactory center, the antennal lobe. Hunger differentially modulates two output pathways required for opposing behavioral responses. Upon food deprivation, attraction-mediating uniglomerular projection neurons show elevated odor-evoked activity, whereas an aversion-mediating multiglomerular projection neuron receives odor-evoked inhibition. The switch between these two pathways is regulated by the lone serotonergic neuron in the antennal lobe, CSD. Our findings demonstrate how flexible behaviors can arise from state-dependent circuit dynamics in an early sensory processing center.

Download Full-text

A connectome of the Drosophila central complex reveals network motifs suitable for flexible navigation and context-dependent action selection

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.66039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Brad K Hulse ◽

Hannah Haberkern ◽

Romain Franconville ◽

Daniel B Turner-Evans ◽

Shinya Takemura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal State ◽

Action Selection ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Central Complex ◽

Network Motifs ◽

Motor Pathways ◽

State Dependent ◽

Attractor Dynamics ◽

Long Timescales ◽

Selection Of

Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent circuit dynamics in a brain region called the central complex (CX) enable directed locomotion, sleep, and context- and experience-dependent spatial navigation. We describe the first complete electron-microscopy-based connectome of the Drosophila CX, including all its neurons and circuits at synaptic resolution. We identified new CX neuron types, novel sensory and motor pathways, and network motifs that likely enable the CX to extract the fly’s head-direction, maintain it with attractor dynamics, and combine it with other sensorimotor information to perform vector-based navigational computations. We also identified numerous pathways that may facilitate the selection of CX-driven behavioral patterns by context and internal state. The CX connectome provides a comprehensive blueprint necessary for a detailed understanding of network dynamics underlying sleep, flexible navigation, and state-dependent action selection.

Download Full-text