scholarly journals The economic cost of implementing maternal and neonatal death review in a district of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Animesh Biswas ◽  
Abdul Halim ◽  
Fazlur Rahman ◽  
Charli Eriksson ◽  
Koustuv Dalal
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
National Level ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Death Notification

<em>Introduction</em>: Maternal and neonatal death review (MNDR) introduced in Bangladesh and initially piloted in a district during 2010. MNDR is able to capture each of the maternal, neonatal deaths and stillbirths from the community and government facilities (hospitals). This study aimed to estimate the cost required to implement MNDR in a district of Bangladesh during 2010-2012. <br /><em>Materials and methods:</em> MNDR was implemented in Thakurgaon district in 2010 and later gradually extended until 2015. MNDR implementation framework, guidelines, tools and manual were developed at the national level with national level stakeholders including government health and family planning staff at different cadre for piloting at Thakurgaon. Programme implementation costs were calculated by year of costing and costing as per component of MNDR in 2013. The purchasing power parity conversion rate was 1 $INT = 24.46 BDT, as of 31st Dec 2012. <br /><em>Results:</em> Overall programme implementation costs required to run MNDR were 109,02,754 BDT (445,738 $INT $INT) in the first year (2010). In the following years cost reduced to 8,208,995 BDT (335,609 $INT, during 2011) and 6,622,166 BDT (270,735 $INT, during 2012). The average cost per activity required was 3070 BDT in 2010, 1887 BDT and 2207 BDT required in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Each death notification cost 4.09 $INT, verbal autopsy cost 8.18 $INT, and social autopsy cost 16.35 $INT. Facility death notification cost 2.04 $INT and facility death review meetings cost 20.44 $INT. One death saved by MNDR costs 53,654 BDT (2193 $INT).<br /><em>Conclusions</em>: Programmatic implementation cost of conducting MPDR give an idea on how much cost will be required to run a death review system for a low income country settings using government health system.

scholarly journals Comparing Costs of Living across World Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S79-S88
Author(s):  
Shohei Nakamura ◽  
Rawaa Harati ◽  
Somik V Lall ◽  
Yuri M Dikhanov ◽  
Nada Hamadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
World Cities ◽  
Price Data ◽  
Price Levels ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This paper compares costs of living across world cities. The International Comparison Program (ICP) reports price levels across world economies in its calculation of purchasing power parity through an extensive scale of price data collection and rigorous methodology. While the price levels are reported only at the national level, some modification makes it possible to compare the cost of living across a group of world cities. In addition, various agencies report costs of living rankings for world cities on a regular basis, and some of them, such as the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)’s World Cost of Living Survey, systematically collect a wide variety of items from a host of cities, even covering low-income countries. This article's application of the ICP method to the EIU price data yields an overall reasonable result: richer cities have higher price levels, and the rankings of cities based on their price levels are similar when using the ICP and EIU data. Nevertheless, the results based on the EIU data differ from the ICP data relatively widely in some nonfood items and among cities with low price levels. This result highlights important issues regarding the data and methodology required to measure costs of living for development purposes.

scholarly journals Ευημερία, Παραγωγικότητα και Ανταγωνιστικότητα σε επίπεδο Περιφέρειας: Ο ρόλος των Θεσμών

2019 ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Αθανάσιος Χύμης
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Second Step ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Regional Competitiveness ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Using Data

The article, at a fi rst step, shows the evolution of wellbeing, as it is measured by the Gross Domestic Product - GDP (corrected by the purchasing power parity), as well as competitiveness as it is measured by the Regional Competitiveness Index - RDI which the European Commission publishes every three years since 2010. At a second step, using data from the annual Global Competitiveness Reports of the World Economic Forum the article illustrates the relation between competitiveness and wellbeing and points out the factors that affect competitiveness focusing on institutions. Institutions are the most prominent pillar of competitiveness and they directly affect economic growth and development at both regional and national level.

scholarly journals Pricing-to-Market and the Failure of Absolute PPP

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Alessandria ◽  
Joseph P Kaboski
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Consumer Search ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Pricing To Market ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Price ◽  
Use Studies

We show that deviations from the law of one price in tradable goods are an important source of violations of absolute purchasing power parity. Using highly disaggregated export data, we document systematic international price discrimination: at the US dock, low-income countries pay lower prices. This pricing-to-market is about twice as important as local nontraded inputs for differences in tradable prices. We propose a model of consumer search and pricing-to-market in which consumers in low-income countries have a comparative advantage in nontraded, nonmarket search activities. Evidence from cross-country time-use studies and US export prices supports the model. (JEL E31, F14)

scholarly journals Low-income countries are more immune to COVID-19: A misconception

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Roy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Great Force

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has hit countries such as Italy, Spain, France, UK, and the USA with great force, whereas the number of cases in countries such as India and most parts of Africa is comparatively lower. Such observation has made many people believe that the low-income countries may be more immune to COVID-19. Theories such as warm climate, weaker strain of the virus, and cross-protection by malaria have been popularly put forward. One such interesting theory is that since the general people of the low- income countries are mostly habituated to dwell in lesser hygienic condition and with lesser medical attention throughout their lifetime; hence, they have naturally acquired better immunity and more resilience against many infective diseases. Materials and Methods: We sought to investigate the above claim by comparing the case fatality rate (CFR) as well as number of cases per million population versus the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita of different countries. Results: We found that while the number of cases showed a slight decline in the lower-income countries, the CFR was independent of the financial condition of the country. Conclusion: We conclude that the theory of better immunity in economically poor countries is a misconception. We suggest that people must come out of these misconceptions and resort to strict home isolation.

scholarly journals Poverty in Pakistan: Increasing Incidence, Chronic Gender Preponderance, and the Plausibility of Grameen-type Intermediation

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4II) ◽  
pp. 873-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabeel A. Goheer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
National Income ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Per Capita

Pakistan is a large country with a population estimated at 130.580 million.1 The economy has a low-income of US$ 490 per capita, with an estimated Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of US$ 2230.2 It has managed to achieve substantial economic growth in the past thirty years until the dawn of 1990s. The growth rate has averaged 6.8 percent, 4.8 percent and 6.5 percent in 1960s, 70s and 80s, respectively.3 Evidence from the National Income Accounts, Household Surveys and time series data on the real wages of unskilled workers shows that economic growth has contributed to reduce consumption poverty4 in Pakistan. The table placed as Appendix A at the end shows that GDP per capita has increased in real terms by about 63 percent between 1972-73 and 1990-91. Private consumption per capita also increased in real terms by about 36 percent. Despite the fact that the population has nearly doubled during the period, there have been gains in income and consumption in per capita terms.

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