scholarly journals Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kroshus ◽  
J. D. DeFreese ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Energy Deficiency

Context:  The female athlete triad (Triad) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) specify the consequences of energy imbalance. Athletic trainers (ATs) are positioned to identify athletes who are fueling themselves inadequately and experiencing related health and performance consequences. Objective:  To assess the knowledge of collegiate ATs about the Triad and RED-S and to examine variability in related screening and referral behaviors among National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions. Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Collegiate athletic training departments. Patients or Other Participants:  Head ATs at National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions (n = 285, response rate = 33%). Main Outcome Measure(s):  An electronic survey was administered. The number of Triad components that were correctly identified and screening and referral behaviors related to Triad components were measured. Results:  Nearly all respondents (98.61% [n = 281]) had heard of the Triad; a smaller proportion (32.98% [n = 94]) had heard of RED-S. On average, respondents correctly identified 2 components of the Triad. We observed differences by sex, with women correctly identifying more components than men (U = 12.426, P = .003). More than half (59.93% [n = 163]) indicated that athletes at their institutions were screened for eating disorders. Nearly three-quarters (70.55% [n = 115]) of respondents indicated that all female athletes at their institutions were screened annually for menstrual dysfunction. More comprehensive referral behaviors for athletes identified as experiencing menstrual dysfunction or a bone injury (eg, athlete referred to a nutritionist, dietitian, or counselor) occurred at Division I institutions than at Division II and III institutions. Conclusions:  Continuing education for ATs about the Triad and RED-S may encourage a more comprehensive approach to referral and screening after a diagnosis of menstrual dysfunction or bone-stress injury. Using institutional opportunities, such as preparticipation screening, for identifying components of the Triad or RED-S and specifying protocols for referring athletes who screen positive for 1 of these components should also be explored.

scholarly journals Energy Deficiency, Menstrual Disturbances, and Low Bone Mass: What Do Exercising Australian Women Know About the Female Athlete Triad?

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Miller ◽  
Sonja Kukuljan ◽  
Anne I. Turner ◽  
Paige van der Pligt ◽  
Gaele Ducher
Keyword(s):  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Sports History ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
History Of

Purpose:Prevention of the female athlete triad is essential to protect female athletes’ health. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of regularly exercising adult women in Australia toward eating patterns, menstrual cycles, and bone health.Methods:A total of 191 female exercisers, age 18–40 yr, engaging in ≥2 hr/wk of strenuous activity, completed a survey. After 11 surveys were excluded (due to incomplete answers), the 180 participants were categorized into lean-build sports (n = 82; running/athletics, triathlon, swimming, cycling, dancing, rowing), non-lean-build sports (n = 94; basketball, netball, soccer, hockey, volleyball, tennis, trampoline, squash, Australian football), or gym/fitness activities (n = 4).Results:Mean (± SD) training volume was 9.0 ± 5.5 hr/wk, with participants competing from local up to international level. Only 10% of respondents could name the 3 components of the female athlete triad. Regardless of reported history of stress fracture, 45% of the respondents did not think that amenorrhea (absence of menses for ≥3 months) could affect bone health, and 22% of those involved in lean-build sports would do nothing if experiencing amenorrhea (vs. 3.2% in non-lean-build sports, p = .005). Lean-build sports, history of amenorrhea, and history of stress fracture were all significantly associated with not taking action in the presence of amenorrhea (all p < .005).Conclusions:Few active Australian women are aware of the detrimental effects of menstrual dysfunction on bone health. Education programs are needed to prevent the female athlete triad and ensure that appropriate actions are taken by athletes when experiencing amenorrhea.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Low Energy Availability, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female Athlete Triad Amongst Female Athletes and Active Individuals

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Winter ◽  
Black ◽  
Brown
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Low Energy Availability ◽  
Normal Physiological Function

Background: Low Energy Availability (LEA), Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) and the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) are generally related to the negative health effects of consuming insufficient energy to meet exercise energy expenditure and maintain normal physiological function. [...]

scholarly journals The LEAF questionnaire is a good screening tool for the identification of the Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport among young football players

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12118
Author(s):  
Edyta Łuszczki ◽  
Pawel Jagielski ◽  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Maciej Kuchciak ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Not At Risk

Background It has been noticed that Female Athlete Triad (Fat) and Relative Energy Deficiency (Red-S) in Sport are characterized by the symptoms of impaired endocrine-metabolic function and bone health in female athletes. In addition, it may be evaluated with a qualitative tool, such as Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and quantitative measurements: bone mineral density (BMD), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, 24-hour dietary recall. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Triad and Red-S using the LEAF-Q in youth female football players. Additionally, the difference in the BMD, body composition, REE and energy intake (EI) were assessed between the Triad/Red-S risk and not at-risk groups. Results Almost two thirds (64.7%) of participants are classified as being at-risk for the triad according to their LEAF-Q scores. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between most of the values among children from the analyzed groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the EI values among girls from the two analyzed groups: at-risk (1,773.18 kcal ±  232.57) and not at-risk (2,054.00 kcal ±  191.39). Girls who did not meet the energy intake recommendations were 10.00 as likely to be in the Triad/Red-S risk group. Conclusion Early identification of Fat/Red-S symptoms by screening tools such as the LEAF questionnaire is important in protecting young athletes from long-term damage due to the progression of the risk factors associated with the Fat/Red-S.

2 The prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries, menstrual irregularity and disordered eating in junior elite athletics in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (16) ◽  
pp. 940.2-941
Author(s):  
J Wilkinson ◽  
L Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
The Uk

The prevalence of injury in adolescent elite track and field competitors is high,1 however only one study has been conducted with UK athletes.2 Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), encapsulating the Female Athlete Triad, is a syndrome whereby decreased energy availability affects health and performance, potentially leading to an increased injury risk; particularly to bone (3). Calculating decreased energy availability is difficult, however identifying contributing factors, such as disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction, is more viable.3AimThis study was conducted to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal injury, disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction in elite junior UK track and field athletes.MethodData was collected from track and field athletes ranked within the top 10 of the UK U17 rankings in 2017 or 2018, with 138 athletes participating. Participants completed a self-reported musculoskeletal injury, disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction questionnaire relating to a 12-month time period.ResultsThis study found a 12-month retrospective injury prevalence of 43.5%. 13% of participants presented with disordered eating, whilst 37.7% of female participants presented with menstrual dysfunction. There was a statistically significant difference in injury prevalence according to gender, with more male athletes sustaining an injury compared with female athletes. No differences in injury prevalence were noted according to event group, menstrual dysfunction or disordered eating. The anatomical location displaying the highest prevalence of injury was the ankle and foot (22.5%). The anatomical structure displaying the highest 12-month injury prevalence was muscle (43.6%), followed by bone (30.9%). Additionally, 21.7% of respondents reported having previously sustained a stress fracture prior to taking part in this study.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of injuries in junior UK track and field athletes, with most injuries affecting the lower limb. Although there was no difference noted in injury risk for athletes with menstrual dysfunction or disordered eating, the prevalence of bone injuries was alarmingly high. This study indicates the requirement for future research investigating RED-S within this population.ReferenceZemper, E. Track andField Injuries. In: Caine DJ, Maffulli N. (eds). Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries. Individual Sports. Med Sport Science: Volume 48. Basel, Karger; 2005. p. 138–151D’Souza D. Track and field athletics injuries - a one-year survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1994; 28 (3): 197–202.Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine 2014; 48: 491–497.

scholarly journals Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy I. Williams ◽  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Nicole C. A. Strock ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency

scholarly journals The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margo Mountjoy ◽  
Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen ◽  
Louise Burke ◽  
Susan Carter ◽  
Naama Constantini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Consensus Statement ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency

Characterization of Risk Quantification Differences Using Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Holtzman ◽  
Adam S. Tenforde ◽  
Allyson L. Parziale ◽  
Kathryn E. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Energy Availability

This study’s objective was to identify differences in risk for low energy availability and athletic clearance level by comparing scores on Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment (Triad CRA) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool (RED-S CAT). A total of 1,000 female athletes aged 15–30 years participating in ≥4 hr of physical activity/week for the previous ≥6 months completed an extensive survey assessing health, athletic history, family disease history, and specific Triad/RED-S risk factors. Retrospective chart review ascertained laboratory and bone mineral density measures. Triad CRA and RED-S CAT were used to assign each athlete’s risk level (low, moderate, and high), and case-by-case comparison measured the level of agreement between the tools. We hypothesized that the tools would generally agree on low-risk athletes and that the tools would be less aligned in the specific elevated risk level (moderate or high). Most of the sample was assigned moderate or high risk for Triad CRA and RED-S CAT (Triad: 54.7% moderate and 7.9% high; RED-S: 63.2% moderate and 33.0% high). The tools agreed on risk for 55.5% of athletes. Agreement increased to 64.3% when only athletes with bone mineral density measurements were considered. In conclusion, Triad CRA and RED-S CAT provide consensus on the majority of athletes at elevated (moderate or high) risk for low energy availability, but have less agreement on the specific risk level assigned.

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