scholarly journals Theileriosis in six dogs in South Africa and its potential clinical significance

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal T. Rosa ◽  
Paolo Pazzi ◽  
Salome Nagel ◽  
Vanessa McClure ◽  
Jevan Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Imidocarb Dipropionate ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Physical Findings

Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by a piroplasma of the genus Theileria that can causeanaemia and thrombocytopenia. Its clinical importance for dogs’ remains poorly understood,as only some develop clinical signs. In this study, physical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcomes of six client-owned diseased dogs presented at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital are described retrospectively. In the dogs, Theileria species (n = 4)and Theileria equi (n = 2) were detected by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-reverse blothybridisation assay in blood samples, whilst PCR for Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia were negative. The most common physical findings were pale mucous membranes (five out of six dogs), bleeding tendencies (five out of six dogs) and lethargy (three out of six dogs). All dogs were thrombocytopenic [median 59.5 x 109/L (range 13–199)] and five out of six dogs were anaemic [median haematocrit 18% (range 5–32)]. Bone marrow core biopsies performed in two dogs showed myelofibrosis. Theileriosis was treated with imidocarb dipropionate and the suspected secondary immune-mediated haematological disorders with prednisolone and azathioprine. Five dogs achieved clinical cure and post-treatment PCR performed in three out of five dogs confirmed absence of circulating parasitaemia. An immune-mediated response to Theileria species is thought to result in anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia in diseased dogs with theileriosis. A bleeding tendency, most likely secondary to thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathy, was the most significant clinical finding in these cases. The link between thrombocytopenia, anaemia and myelofibrosis in theileriosis requires further investigation and theileriosis should be considered a differential diagnosis for dogs presenting with anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia in endemic tick-borne disease areas.

scholarly journals Imidocarb Dipropionate Lacks Efficacy Against Theileria haneyi and Fails to Consistently Clear Theileria equi in Horses Co-infected with T. haneyi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Sears ◽  
Donald Knowles ◽  
Kelcey Dinkel ◽  
W Philip Mshelia ◽  
Cynthia Onzere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Imidocarb Dipropionate

Control of Theileria equi, the primary cause of equine theileriosis, is largely reliant on acaracide use and chemosterilization with imidocarb dipropionate (ID). However, it is currently unknown if ID is effective against Theileria haneyi, the recently identified second causative agent of equine theileriosis, or if the drug maintains effectiveness against T. equi in the presence of T. haneyi co-infection. The purpose of this study was address these questions using ID treatment of the following three groups of horses: 1. Five T. haneyi infected horses; 2. Three T. haneyi-T. equi infected horses; and 3. Three T. equi-T. haneyi infected horses. Clearance was first evaluated using nPCR for each Theileria sp. on peripheral blood samples. ID failed to clear T. haneyi in all three groups of horses, and failed to clear T. equi in 2/3 horses in group two. For definitive confirmation of infection status, horses in groups two and three underwent splenectomy post-treatment. The T. equi-nPCR-positive horses in group two developed severe clinical signs and were euthanized. Remaining horses exhibited moderate signs consistent with T. haneyi. Our results demonstrate that ID therapy lacks efficacy against T. haneyi, and T. haneyi-T. equi co-infection may interfere with ID clearance of T. equi.

scholarly journals An update on canine ehrlichiosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
M. E. MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
C. BILLINIS (Χ. ΜΠΙΛΛΙΝΗΣ) ◽  
A. F. KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Canine Ehrlichiosis ◽  
Imidocarb Dipropionate ◽  
Clinicopathologic Findings

Canine ehrlichiosis is a common disease caused by several Ehrlichia species, such as E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. risticii, E. ewingii, E. equi, E. platys, and an as yet unnamed granulocytotropic species or strain. Ehrlichia are tick-borne gram-negative bacteria that reside in the cytoplasm of various blood cells. The infected dogs, may manifest a wide spectrum of clinical signs, of which anorexia, depression, loss of body weight, peripheral lymphadenopathy, pale mucous membranes and bleeding tendency are the most common. The most consistent clinicopathologic findings are anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, hyperglobulinemia, and proteinuria. Apart from the clinical and clinicopathologic findings, diagnosis should be based on buffy coat, lymph node or bone marrow cytology, serology (ELISA, IFA) and/or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Doxycycline with or without imidocarb dipropionate constitute the mainstay of the etiological treatment, while blood transfusions, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, iron supplements and bactericidal antibiotics may be of some benefit in a certain number of cases. Effective tick control is of imperative importance for the prevention of the infection.

scholarly journals Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Candidatus Mycoplasma Haematoparvum in a Splenectomized Dog in Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Zobba Rosanna ◽  
Corda Andrea ◽  
Ballocco Isabella ◽  
Sotgiu Francesca ◽  
Alberti Alberto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
First Case ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
The University

AbstractThis report describes a case of canine hemotropic mycoplasmasosis by Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in a dog. A five-year-old splenectomized dog was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Sassari with clinical symptoms and laboratory findings compatible with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Epicellular bacteria were detected in the erythrocytes by microscopic examination of blood smears. PCR and sequencing were positive for Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum. Treatment with doxycycline, prednisolone and blood transfusion was administered. Several studies have described the molecular prevalence of M. hemocanis and Candidatus M. haematoparvum, however there are few clinical reports, especially those describing Candidatus M. haematoparvum infection in dogs, for which only two cases have been reported. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case report of a symptomatic infection caused by Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in Italy. Hemoplasmosis should be considered as a potential cause of hemolytic anemia in dogs. Following treatment with doxycycline and prednisolone, the clinical signs improved without resolution of infection. This condition was the same at the three-year follow-up.

scholarly journals Hemoplasma infection in wild captive carnivores

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
Filipe T. Carneiro ◽  
Marcela C. Scalon ◽  
Gabrielle Amorim ◽  
Wanessa A.C. Silva ◽  
Sandy M. Honorato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Wild Carnivores ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Wild Cats ◽  
Hematological Changes ◽  
Candidatus Mycoplasma Turicensis

ABSTRACT: Hemoplasmas are bacteria able to adhere themselves loosely to the plasma membrane of erythrocytes and may parasitize several species of mammals. There are three known species of hemoplasmas that parasitize domestic and wild cats: Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’. Dogs are infected by at least two species of hemoplasmas: ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’ and Mycoplasma haemocanis. The hemoplasmoses are very important in veterinary clinics, either because of its worldwide distribution and severity of clinical signs, depending on parasite species and host immune competence, or due to its zoonotic potential and capability of infecting endangered species. This study set out to investigate which hemoplasmas species parasitize different captive wild carnivores in order to clarify the epidemiology of hemoplasmoses in wild animals. Furthermore, the research intended to characterize the hematological changes caused by different species of hemotropic mycoplasmas infection in order to establish their clinical importance to wild species and the capacity of these species to become a reservoir of studied agents. Samples of 33 wild felids and 18 wild canids were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect hemoplasmas DNA and it was observed that the occurrence of infection in these species is 45.5% and 83.3%, respectively. Factors such as age, gender or anaemia are not more frequent in animals positive for the infection. Therefore, it is concluded that infection caused by hemoplasmas in wild carnivores has high prevalence, and either agent pathogenicity is low, or chronic stage is more frequent, resulting in a low rate of diagnosis.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Piroplasms in Donkeys and Horses from Nigeria

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idoko Sunday Idoko ◽  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz ◽  
Babagana Mohammed Adam ◽  
Bello Sikiti Garba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Dual Infections

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of equids, caused by the two haemoprotozoal parasites: Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Nigeria constitutes a major crossroads of animal transport in West Africa and may serve as a factor in EP dissemination in the region. The study aim was to characterize EP parasites in donkeys and horses in northern Nigeria using a molecular approach. Blood was collected from 57 donkeys and 47 horses. EP infection was detected and characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty five donkeys (43.8%) were infected with T. equi, five (8.8%) with B. caballi, three (5.3%) with dual infections. Four horses (8.5%) were infected by T. equi and none by B. caballi. Four of the five known T. equi 18S rRNA genotypes (A, B, C and D) were identified. Theileria equi ema-1 and ema-2 genes were amplified in only 2 and 10 samples, respectively, showing no genetic variation. All B. caballi isolates were classified as rap-1 genotype A1. Twenty-two (42.3%) of the donkeys were positive for anti-T. equi antibodies and 29 (55.8%) were positive for anti-B. caballi antibodies, using immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The study results demonstrate high genetic variation within T. equi parasites, suggesting that donkeys may be reservoirs of EP parasites in West Africa.

scholarly journals Imidocarb Dipropionate Lacks Efficacy against Theileria haneyi and Fails to Consistently Clear Theileria equi in Horses Co-Infected with T. haneyi

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Kelly Sears ◽  
Donald Knowles ◽  
Kelcey Dinkel ◽  
Philip W. Mshelia ◽  
Cynthia Onzere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Imidocarb Dipropionate

Control of Theileria equi, the primary cause of equine theileriosis, is largely reliant on acaracide use and chemosterilization with imidocarb dipropionate (ID). However, it is currently unknown if ID is effective against Theileria haneyi, the recently identified second causative agent of equine theileriosis, or if the drug maintains effectiveness against T. equi in the presence of T. haneyi co-infection. The purpose of this study was to address these questions using ID treatment of the following three groups of horses: (1) five T. haneyi infected horses; (2) three T. haneyi-T. equi infected horses; and (3) three T. equi-T. haneyi infected horses. Clearance was first evaluated using nPCR for each Theileria sp. on peripheral blood samples. ID failed to clear T. haneyi in all three groups of horses, and failed to clear T. equi in two of three horses in group two. For definitive confirmation of infection status, horses in groups two and three underwent splenectomy post-treatment. The T. equi-nPCR-positive horses in group two developed severe clinical signs and were euthanized. Remaining horses exhibited moderate signs consistent with T. haneyi. Our results demonstrate that ID therapy lacks efficacy against T. haneyi, and T. haneyi-T. equi co-infection may interfere with ID clearance of T. equi.

scholarly journals Ureamic Syndrome in Theileria Equi-Infected Argentine Polo Pony: A Case Report.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
S. I Idoko
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Hypochromic Anaemia ◽  
Rapid Pulse ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Brown Urine

On June 26th, 2016, an 8-year old Argentine Polo Pony in the Fifth Chukker Polo and Country Resort, Maraban Jos, Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria was reported with the chief complaint of anorexia, depression, recurrent recumbency, colic and pyrexia. Physical examination revealed the following signs; pyrexia, tachypnoea and rapid pulse rates, bilateral epiphora as well as icteric ocular, gingival and vaginal mucous membranes, 5% dehydration, trembling, sweating, colic, body condition score of 3/5, reddish brown urine and tick infestation (identified as Rhipicephalus spp). Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture into vacutainer containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for microscopic and haematological analyses while a second aliquot was transferred into plain vacutainer for biochemical analysis. Giemsa stained thin blood smear revealed the presence of Theileria equi haemogram revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia with thrombocytopaenia. The biochemical analysis showed decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, hyperproteinaemia, hyperglobulinaemia, ureamia, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and decreased bicarbonate concentration. Based on the presenting clinical signs, presence of ticks and laboratory findings, equine piroplasmosis accompanied by ureamic syndromewas diagnosed..

scholarly journals Imidocarb Dipropionate Lacks Efficacy against Theileria Haneyi and Fails to Consistently Clear Theileria Equi in Horses Co-Infected With T. Haneyi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Sears ◽  
Donald Knowles ◽  
Kelcey Dinkel ◽  
Wayuta Philip Msheli ◽  
Cynthia Onzere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Imidocarb Dipropionate

Control of Theileria equi, the primary cause of equine theileriosis, is largely reliant on acaracide use and chemosterilization with imidocarb dipropionate (ID). However, it is currently unknown if ID is effective against Theileria haneyi, the recently identified second causative agent of equine theileriosis, or if the drug maintains effectiveness against T. equi in the presence of T. haneyi co-infection. The purpose of this study was address these questions using ID treatment of the following three groups of horses: 1. Five T. haneyi infected horses; 2. Three T. haneyi-T. equi infected horses; and 3. Three T. equi-T. haneyi infected horses. Clearance was first evaluated using nPCR for each Theileria sp. on peripheral blood samples. ID failed to clear T. haneyi in all three groups of horses, and failed to clear T. equi in 2/3 horses in group two. For definitive confirmation of infection status, horses in groups two and three underwent splenectomy post-treatment. The T. equi-nPCR-positive horses in group two developed severe clinical signs and were euthanized. Remaining horses exhibited moderate signs consistent with T. haneyi. Our results demonstrate that ID therapy lacks efficacy against T. haneyi, and T. haneyi-T. equi co-infection may interfere with ID clearance of T. equi.

Von-Willebrand-Syndrom Typ 1 und Schwangerschaft

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S11-S13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Oppermann ◽  
A. Siegemund ◽  
R. Schobess ◽  
U. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Bleeding Disorder ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Von Willebrand

SummaryThe von Willebrand-Jürgens syndrome (VWJS) type 1 is a common hereditary bleeding disorder with a bleeding tendency located especially in the mucous membranes. Women suffering from VWJS type 1 show menorrhagia and prolonged postoperative bleedings. During pregnancy the clinical presentation varies by the increase of the von Willebrand factors.In this article the laboratory findings and the clinical presentation of patients with VWJS during pregnancy was examined. The necessity of interventions during pregnancy and at the time of delivery was under consideration.

scholarly journals First Case of Autochthonous Equine Theileriosis in Austria

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Esther Dirks ◽  
Phebe de Heus ◽  
Anja Joachim ◽  
Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri ◽  
Ilse Schwendenwein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
First Case ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Eastern Austria ◽  
Iatrogenic Transmission

A 23-year-old pregnant warmblood mare from Güssing, Eastern Austria, presented with apathy, anemia, fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea, and a severely elevated serum amyloid A concentration. The horse had a poor body condition and showed thoracic and pericardial effusions, and later dependent edema and icteric mucous membranes. Blood smear and molecular analyses revealed an infection with Theileria equi. Upon treatment with imidocarb diproprionate, the mare improved clinically, parasites were undetectable in blood smears, and 19 days after hospitalization the horse was discharged from hospital. However, 89 days after first hospitalization, the mare again presented to the hospital with an abortion, and the spleen of the aborted fetus was also PCR-positive for T. equi. On the pasture, where the horse had grazed, different developmental stages of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected and subjected to PCR, and one engorged specimen was positive for T. equi. All three amplicon sequences were identical (T. equi genotype E). It is suspected that T. equi may repeatedly be transmitted in the area where the infected mare had grazed, and it could be shown that transmission to the fetus had occurred. Due to the chronic nature of equine theileriosis and the possible health implications of infection, it is advised to include this disease in the panel of differential diagnoses in horses with relevant clinical signs, including horses without travel disease, and to be aware of iatrogenic transmission from inapparent carrier animals.

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