scholarly journals Retinal microglial activation in glaucoma: evolution over time in a unilateral ocular hypertension model

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
JuanJ Salazar ◽  
JoséA Fernandez-Albarral ◽  
AnaI Ramírez ◽  
Rosa de Hoz
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Over Time

Corneal Thickness and Functional Damage in Patients with Ocular Hypertension

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zeppieri ◽  
P. Brusini ◽  
S. Miglior
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Frequency Doubling ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
Standard Automated Perimetry ◽  
Frequency Doubling Technology ◽  
Normal Thickness ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Abnormal Results

Purpose To correlate functional damage over time detected by standard automated perimetry (SAP) and frequency doubling technology (FDT) with central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods Seventy-eight OHT patients underwent CCT measurements, SAP, and FDT (the latter two also after 12 and 18 months). Patients were divided into three equally sized groups of 26 patients each: thin (<540 üm), normal (540–580 üm), and thick cornea (>580 üm). The frequency of abnormal FDT and SAP results was analyzed over time (Pearson χ2 test). Results Six of 26 patients with thin corneas (23.1%) presented an abnormal FDT test at baseline, compared to 1 of 26 (3.8%) in the normal thickness cornea group and 1 of 26 (3.8%) in the thick cornea group. After 12 months, the abnormal FDT tests were as follows, respectively: 9 of 26 (34.6%), 2 of 26 (7.7%), and 2 of 26 (7.7%). For SAP the abnormal results were as follows, respectively: 8 (30.1%), 5 (19.2%), and 2 (7.7%). After 18 months, the abnormal FDT tests were as follows, respectively: 16 (61.5%), 5 (19.2%), and 5 (19.2%). For SAP, the abnormal results were as follows, respectively: 10 (38.5%), 5 (19.2%), and 2 (7.7%). Conclusions OHT patients with thinner corneas have a greater risk of developing functional damage over time.

scholarly journals Influence of Chronic Ocular Hypertension on Emmetropia: Refractive, Structural and Functional Study in Two Rat Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 3697
Author(s):  
Silvia Mendez-Martinez ◽  
Teresa Martínez-Rincón ◽  
Manuel Subias ◽  
Luis E. Pablo ◽  
David García-Herranz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Responsible Mechanism ◽  
Progressive Myopia ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
And Function ◽  
Over Time

Chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) influences on refraction in youth and causes glaucoma in adulthood. However, the origin of the responsible mechanism is unclear. This study analyzes the effect of mild-moderate chronic OHT on refraction and neuroretina (structure and function) in young-adult Long-Evans rats using optical coherence tomography and electroretinography over 24 weeks. Data from 260 eyes were retrospectively analyzed in two cohorts: an ocular normotension (ONT) cohort (<20 mmHg) and an OHT cohort (>20 mmHg), in which OHT was induced either by sclerosing the episcleral veins (ES group) or by injecting microspheres into the anterior chamber. A trend toward emmetropia was found in both cohorts over time, though it was more pronounced in the OHT cohort (p < 0.001), especially in the ES group (p = 0.001) and males. IOP and refraction were negatively correlated at week 24 (p = 0.010). The OHT cohort showed early thickening in outer retinal sectors (p < 0.050) and the retinal nerve fiber layer, which later thinned. Electroretinography demonstrated early supranormal amplitudes and faster latencies that later declined. Chronic OHT accelerates emmetropia in Long–Evans rat eyes towards slowly progressive myopia, with an initial increase in structure and function that reversed over time.

scholarly journals Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension

2021 ◽  
pp. 108806
Author(s):  
Trost Andrea ◽  
Motloch Karolina ◽  
Koller Andreas ◽  
Bruckner Daniela ◽  
Runge Christian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Cysteinyl Leukotriene

scholarly journals MicroRNA-93/STAT3 signalling pathway mediates retinal microglial activation and protects retinal ganglion cells in an acute ocular hypertension model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayi Wang ◽  
Shida Chen ◽  
Jiawei Wang ◽  
Yaoming Liu ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Neuroprotective Therapy ◽  
Retinal Microglia

AbstractGlaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Retinal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the process of optic nerve damage, but the mechanisms driving this microglial activation remain mostly elusive. Previous investigations reported that microRNAs are associated with the retinal microglial reaction and neural apoptosis. In the present study, we found that microRNA-93-5p (miR-93) played a key role in the reaction of retinal microglial cells in vivo and in vitro. The miR-93 level was significantly reduced in the retinae of rat acute ocular hypertension (AOH) models, which were accompanied by retinal microglial activation, overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, and subsequent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death, versus the retinae of controls. The induction of miR-93 overexpression significantly reduced microglial proliferation, migration and cytokine release, inhibited the expression of the target gene signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and p-STAT3, and was associated with a reduced loss of RGCs. Treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor also decreased retinal microglial activation after AOH injury. Taken together, these results suggest that the miR-93/STAT3 pathway is directly related to the downregulation of retinal microglia-mediated neuro-inflammation and showed a neuroprotective effect. Regulating microglial activation through miR-93 may serve as a target for neuroprotective therapy in pathological ocular hypertension.

scholarly journals An inducible rodent glaucoma model that exhibits gradual sustained increase in intraocular pressure with distinct inner retina and optic nerve inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Mathew ◽  
Izhar Livne-Bar ◽  
Jeremy M. Sivak
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
Over Time

AbstractGlaucoma is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve resulting in loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and vision. The most prominent glaucoma risk factor is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and most models focus on reproducing this aspect to study disease mechanisms and targets. Yet, current models result in IOP profiles that often do not resemble clinical glaucoma. Here we introduce a new model that results in a gradual and sustained IOP increase over time. This approach modifies a circumlimbal suture method, taking care to make the sutures ‘snug’ instead of tight, without inducing an initial IOP spike. This approach did not immediately affect IOPs, but generated gradual ocular hypertension (gOHT) as the sutures tighten over time, in comparison to loosely sutured control eyes (CON), resulting in an average 12.6 mmHg increase in IOP at 17 weeks (p < 0.001). Corresponding characterization revealed relevant retinal and optic nerve pathology, such as thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, decreased optokinetic response, RGC loss, and optic nerve head remodeling. Yet, angles remained open, with no evidence of inflammation. Corresponding biochemical profiling indicated significant increases in TGF-β2 and 3, and IL-1 family cytokines in gOHT optic nerve tissues compared to CON, with accompanying microglial reactivity, consistent with active tissue injury and repair mechanisms. Remarkably, this signature was absent from optic nerves following acute ocular hypertension (aOHT) associated with intentionally tightened sutures, although the resulting RGC loss was similar in both methods. These results suggest that the pattern of IOP change has an important impact on underlying pathophysiology.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

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