This article investigates cross-national variation in the types of locally based actors, or “receptor sites,” that connect with international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in local contexts. Empirics center on an INGO disseminating global best practices for education in humanitarian crises to a membership of around 10,000 individuals in over 150 countries. Members reported working at a range of organizations, here conceptualized as receptor sites. Using multivariate regression, I examine cross-national differences in a subset of these workplace affiliations. Findings show that members join primarily in Western countries and in specific sites of humanitarian crises. However, they tend to be affiliated with different types of receptors in these two contexts due to differences in the underlying factors that generate INGO ties. Receptors influential in the construction of global norms (such as aid donors and universities) dominate in the Western core, where ties serve as a means for promoting cultural ideals elsewhere. In contrast, implementing organizations (such as local schools, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and governments) prevail in humanitarian crises, where ties offer access to global resources in tackling local issues. Country-level ties to INGOs are thus not always equivalent, but can capture locally variant pathways for diffusion.
Silencing Their Critics: How Government Restrictions Against Civil Society Affect International ‘Naming and Shaming’
