Experiences, Perceptions, and Expectations of the Business Community in Mexico Amidst the COVID-19 Crisis

The objective of this chapter is to provide a contextualized perspective about the effects of the COVID-19 health crisis for companies with economic activity and fixed installations in Mexico, mainly during the second to third phases of the contingency. For this purpose, data from the INEGI ECOVID-IE 2020 survey is analyzed, which used a sampling frame of 1,873,564 Mexican companies compared by size. Relevant information is provided about the reality of the Mexican business community to report the main sanitary measures implemented, the operational actions used, the sources and types of support received, the best support policies identified, and the income expectations for the following months. Faced with a negative scenario, targeted support strategies from governmental, chambers, and business organizations must be aligned to regain the confidence of the business community to support their continuity.

Rationale for the use of photocatalysis for natural and drinking water purification from pollutants of biological origin

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of photocatalytic methods of oxidation of organic substances for the preparation of drinking water. To show the expediency of the use of the described method for the design of wastewater treatment facilities.Materials and methods. The oxidation degrees of 58 organic substances of various hazard classes were studied. The sampling frame was based on two characteristics: origin (biological and artificial) and the oxidation state stated in different sources.Results. A high efficiency of photocatalysis for the destruction of organic substances in wastewater from various industries has been shown: the degrees of oxidation range from 70 to 100 %.Conclusion. Photocatalysis can be used to design wastewater treatment facilities with a view to reducing the probability of biological pollution of natural waters intended for drinking water production.

Community Health Assessment findings on Diabetes among Adults in Nyeri County, Kenya, 2019

Background: The global prevalence of diabetes among adults was 8.5% in 2014. Kenya’s prevalence is at 3.3%, according to WHO. Nyeri County has an estimated prevalence of 7.2% which is significantly higher than the national prevalence. Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted in Mukurweini Sub County, Nyeri. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit participants from a sampling frame of all adult community members. A sample of 190 households calculated at a confidence level of 95 and a 5% error margin. Every 7th household was picked and respondents were household heads. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, Key informant interviews and Focus group discussions. Knowledge levels, health seeking behavior, health care access, physical activity and nutrition were assessed. Data was analyzed and rated using the CDC CHANGE tool. Findings: Low education levels with 65% at primary and below hence low levels of knowledge on diabetes, poor uptake of physical activity as 51% never engaged in any and inappropriate dietary choices and meal timing. Low screening levels for diabetes with only 36% having ever been screened. There were no clear policies on community engagement in physical activity. Easy access to health facilities, friendly health care workers and availability of health services and medication were identified as the assets. Conclusion: Assessing the community’s knowledge, attitudes, behavior and resources provides information on how to improve diabetes prevention and treatment. It helps to inform future interventions

The Role of Birthplace in the Mode of Delivery in Nepal

The mode of delivery is strong-minded by diverse aspects. The available data and literature argue that the birthplace and birth orders play an imperative role in determining the mode of delivery. This study has been done with the objective to examine the association between the place of delivery and cesarean section in Nepal. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among women who have delivery experience in the last five years of survey, but only the last one has been included. This study is based on the data of Nepal demographic and health survey 2016 [NDHS]. The data were collected from 19 June 2016 to 31 January 2017 through the questionnaires. The sampling frame of Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS] has been updated and used by NDHS where districts and provinces are categorized into urban and rural areas. Frequency tabulation, χ2 test and multivariate binary logistic regressions are used to analyze the data. There are 10.2 percent of women who had a cesarean section. Out of 3998 total deliveries, cesarean deliveries are 406 (10.2%) at 95 percent confidence interval (9-11). The prevalence of cesarean delivery was seen in women delivered in private hospitals 36.3 percent compared to women delivered in government health facilities 12.8 percent. Among 3998 deliveries, 57.4 percent are institutional deliveries. The place of delivery, anti-natal care visit and cesarean section delivery are related to each other. Women who go to private hospitals for anti-natal care and delivery, such hospitals are found to have performed more caesarean sections than the recommended level of World Health Organization (WHO).

The relationship between entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention in housewives context

<p>This study examined the relationship between entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. This hypothesis proposes that entrepreneurial passion positively affects entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, this study also hypothesizes that entrepreneurial emphasizing on entrepreneurial intention is mediated by entrepreneur self-efficacy. The present study takes a sample from housewives who run businesses in Banyumas. This study uses a convenience method for choosing 236 housewives who run businesses. This method is chosen because there is no sampling frame in this population. The results show that Entrepreneurial passion positively influences entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intention. </p>

Prevalence, types and severity of medication errors associated with the use of automated medication use systems in ambulatory and institutionalized care settings: A systematic review protocol

The use of automated systems within the medication use process has significantly reduce the occurrence of medication errors and the associated clinical and financial burden. However, automated systems lull into a false sense of security and increase the risk of medication errors that are often associated with socio-technical interactions, automation bias, workarounds and overrides. The objective of the systematic review is to determine the prevalence, types and severity of medication errors that are associated the use of automated systems in ambulatory and institutionalized care settings. The search strategy will be guided by PRISMA framework. Selected databases and relevant gray literature were searched and screening was done independently by two researchers between 01 April and 29 June 2021. These covered all relevant articles published from the inception of the use of automation in the medication use process (2000) until 2020. De-duplication and screening of all studies were done independently by two researchers with a clear inclusion / exclusion criteria. Data extraction and synthesis are currently on going (started on 06 July 2021) and being conducted independently but the validity and completeness of the processes will be confirmed by the third researcher. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Hoy et al’s quality assessment checklist will be used for the assessment of methodological bias while the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be used for the quality of evidence assessment. Detailed qualitative synthesis of key findings will be done with thematic and descriptive analyses. If the number and types of included studies permit, fixed or random effect model meta-analysis will be conducted based on the degree of homogeneity in the sampling frame used in the included studies. Heterogeneity will be assessed with I2 statistics and I2 > 50% will be considered a high statistical heterogeneity. The systematic review may provide new perspective especially from developing settings about the prevalence, types and severity of medication errors associated with the use of automated systems at all the stages of medication use process, and in all categories of patients. This may add to global knowledge in the research area. Systematic review registration: The systematic review was registered and published by PROSPERO (CRD42020212900).

The Study to Investigate COVID-19 Infection in People Living in Ireland (SCOPI): A seroprevalence study, June to July 2020

Background Robust data on SARS-CoV-2 population seroprevalence supplement surveillance data in providing evidence for public health action. Aim To conduct a SARS-CoV-2 population-based seroprevalence survey in Ireland. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design, we selected population samples from individuals aged 12–69 years in counties Dublin and Sligo using the Health Service Executive Primary Care Reimbursement Service database as a sampling frame. Samples were selected with probability proportional to the general population age–sex distribution, and by simple random sampling within age–sex strata. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected using the Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assay and confirmed using the Wantai Assay. We estimated the population SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence weighted for age, sex and geographic area. Results Participation rates were 30% (913/3,043) and 44% (820/1,863) in Dublin and Sligo. Thirty-three specimens had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (1.9%). We estimated weighted seroprevalences of 3.12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.05–4.53) and 0.58% (95% CI: 0.18–1.38) for Dublin and Sligo, and 1.69% (95% CI: 1.13–2.41) nationally. This equates to an estimated 59,482 (95% CI: 39,772–85,176) people aged 12–69 years nationally having had infection with SARS-CoV-2, 3.0 (95% CI: 2.0–4.3) times higher than confirmed notifications. Ten participants reported a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 -infection; eight of these were antibody-positive. Twenty-five antibody-positive participants had not reported previous laboratory-confirmed infection. Conclusion The majority of people in Ireland are unlikely to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 by June–July 2020. Non-pharmaceutical public health measures remained key pending widespread availability of vaccination, and effective treatments.

Epidemiology of uterine rupture among pregnant women in China and development of a risk prediction model: analysis of data from a multicentre, cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiology of uterine rupture in China from 2015 to 2016 and to build a prediction model for uterine rupture in women with a scarred uterus.SettingA multicentre cross-sectional survey conducted in 96 hospitals across China in 2015–2016.ParticipantsOur survey initially included 77 789 birth records from hospitals with 1000 or more deliveries per year. We excluded 2567 births less than 24 gestational weeks or unknown and 1042 births with unknown status of uterine rupture, leaving 74 180 births for the final analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresComplete and incomplete uterine rupture and the risk factors, and a prediction model for uterine rupture in women with scarred uterus (assigned each birth a weight based on the sampling frame).ResultsThe weighted incidence of uterine rupture was 0.18% (95% CI 0.05% to 0.23%) in our study population during 2015 and 2016. The weighted incidence of uterine rupture in women with scarred and intact uterus was 0.79% (95% CI 0.63% to 0.91%) and 0.05% (95% CI 0.02% to 0.13%), respectively. Younger or older maternal age, prepregnancy diabetes, overweight or obesity, complications during pregnancy (hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and gestational diabetes), low education, repeat caesarean section (≥2), multiple abortions (≥2), assisted reproductive technology, placenta previa, induce labour, fetal malpresentation, multiple pregnancy, anaemia, high parity and antepartum stillbirth were associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture. The prediction model including eight variables (OR >1.5) yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.812 (95% CI 0.793 to 0.836) in predicting uterine rupture in women with scarred uterus with sensitivity and specificity of 77.2% and 69.8%, respectively.ConclusionsThe incidence of uterine rupture was 0.18% in this population in 2015–2016. The predictive model based on eight easily available variables had a moderate predictive value in predicting uterine rupture in women with scarred uterus. Strategies based on predictions may be considered to further reduce the burden of uterine rupture in China.

Disability among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, Istanbul: Results from a population-based survey

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of disability among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli district, Istanbul and compare people with and without disabilities in terms of demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Methods Using the municipality refugee database as the sampling frame, 80 clusters of 50 people (aged 2+ years) were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling of clusters and random selection of households within clusters. Disability assessment included: i) self-reported difficulties in functioning (using the Washington Group Short Set-Enhanced tool and Child Functioning Modules), ii) Rapid Assessment of Musculoskeletal Impairment and iii) screening for symptoms of common mental disorders for children aged 8–17. Results The overall prevalence of disability was 24.7% (95% CI 22.1–27.4), when including people self-reporting a lot of difficulty/cannot do in at least functional domain (15%, 95% CI 13.1–17.2), moderate/severe MSI (8.7%, 95% CI 7.6–9.9), and/or symptomatic anxiety, depression and PTSD among children 8–17 (21.0%, 95% CI 18.2–23.9). Men with disabilities were significantly less likely to be in paid work compared to their peers without disabilities (aOR 0.3 95% CI 0.2–0.5). Overall 60% of households included at least one person with a disability. Households with at least one person with a disability had a significantly higher dependency ratio, lower proportion of working-age adults in paid work, and were more likely to be female headed and in receipt of social protection schemes (p<0.05). Conclusion Disability is common among Syrian refugees in Sultanbeyli. People with disabilities in this setting experience greater vulnerability to poverty and exclusion from work, highlighting an urgent need for inclusive services, programmes and policies that are developed and implemented in partnership with people with disabilities.

The role of care-giving in the well-being of the older persons in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

Background: The population of the older persons is increasing steadily worldwide. This is secondary to lower fertility rate and increasing longer life. With the increased older person’s population, societies get challenges taking care of the health function of older people. The growth in older person’s population comes with the challenges of taking care of the older persons. As old age sets in, quality of life goes down.Methods: Population based cross-sectional descriptive study was used. Multi-stage sampling method was applied to select participating units starting with Sub County, wards, and then villages. Households with an older person were selected and formed a sampling frame. Systematic random sampling using the sampling frame formed was used at household level to select 333 participating respondents. In case a house hold had more than one older person the eldest or the head of the household/bread winner was selected. Statistical package for social sciences version 25 was used for data analysis. Descriptive analysis was used for social-demographic characteristics. Testing the association between independent variables and dependent variables was done using Chi-square and Odds ratio.Results: The results indicated that age of the older persons respondents (p=0.0001), education (p=0.046), walking with support (p=0.001) and occupation (p=0.020) were significantly associated with care giving in personal hygiene practices. Most of respondents 100 (30.0%) carried out daily activity by themselves, equally by the relative especially on bathing 182 (54.7%) and attending medical appointments 107 (32.1%).Conclusions: The role of care giving in enhancing well-being of the older persons was hygiene, nutrition, environment and older persons abuse whereby feeding and older persons abuse were the most significant.