scholarly journals Distribution and extent of Cotesia Flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitism in Northeastern Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S11009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmare Dejen ◽  
Emana Getu ◽  
Ferdu Azerefegne ◽  
Amare Ayalew
Keyword(s):  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Cotesia Flavipes ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Larval Parasitoid

The distribution and extent of parasitism of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on stem borer species attacking maize and sorghum were assessed in three zones of northeastern Ethiopia. Cotesia flavipes was found to be the key larval parasitoid of cereal stem borer species in all areas surveyed. This parasitoid has been introduced into several African countries for the control of Chilo partellus in maize and sorghum, but it has never been released in Ethiopia. The survey results indicated that the distribution and extent of parasitism of Cot. flavipes followed the distribution and severity of its suitable host, C. partellus. A Cotesia flavipes parasitism rate of between 33% and 82% was recorded in sub-moist warm (lowland) AEZs of all zones. In contrast, a parasitism rate of less than 6% was recorded in moist, cool highland areas where Busseola fusca was the predominant species. Cotesia flavipes caused lower rate of parasitism on stem borers in maize (up to 72%) than that of sorghum (up to 82%) in the three zones. In summary, high rates of parasitism of Cot. flavipes were recorded in lowland areas where C. partellus was the dominant borer species and low rates of parasitism were recorded in highland areas where B. fusca was the predominant species. Cotesia flavipes caused the highest parasitism (82%) on C. partellus. This result verified that Cot. flavipes contributed to the reduction of C. partellus population in lowlands, regardless of the zone, and its rate of parasitism varied between crop stages, crop types, elevations, host, and host stages. Findings of this study have particularly relevant information on the contribution of Cot. flavipes to the population reduction of stem borers, time or stage of its occurrence in relation to host stages and crop stages, and its distribution in relation to the availability of a suitable host across each zone. In conclusion, this larval parasitoid plays an important role in reducing stem borer populations and can be used as one component of integrated stem borer management in northeastern Ethiopia.

Parasitoids of the African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in South Africa

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Kfir
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Pupal Parasitoids ◽  
Pupal Parasitism ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Trichogrammatoidea Lutea

AbstractEighteen parasitoids were recorded from the African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), on maize and grain sorghum, in Delmas and Cedara, South Africa. In Delmas, larval parasitism on both crops fluctuated below 20% with occasional peaks of 40–60%. In Cedara, larval parasitoids were active throughout the season with peaks of 75% and 60% parasitism during January and March-April, respectively on the ratoon crop, and 20% in May on the crop. Pupal parasitism peaked in Cedara at 100% during February-March, and at 80% during November, when parasitoids attacked pupae that formed after B. fusca larvae had emerged from diapause and pupated. In Delmas activity by pupal parasitoids was negligible. The egg parasitoids, Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were rare. The larval parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was active throughout the season and was by far the most abundant, emerging from about 90% of parasitized larvae. Its cocoons were often attacked by Aphanogmus fijiensis (Ferrière) (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae). Second in abundance among the larval parasitoids was Bracon sesamiae Cameron (Braconidae) whose cocoons were attacked in turn by Eurytoma braconidis Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Eurytoma braconidis was reared also from cocoons of Euvipio sp. and Aleiodes sp. (both Braconidae). All other larval parasitoids were rare. Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant pupal parasitoid. Trichogrammatoidea lutea, Glyptapanteles maculitarsis (Cameron) (Braconidae) and Odontepyris transvaalensis (De Buysson) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) have not been recorded before from B. fusca. Some considerations and proposals for introductions of parasitoids into South Africa against B. fusca are discussed.

Studies on the maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its major parasitoid, Dolichogenidea fuscivora (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in eastern Ethiopia

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yitaferu ◽  
A. K. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractStudies on the lepidopterous stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) and its major larval parasitoid, Dolichogenidea fuscivora Walker were carried out in the field and the laboratory in eastern Ethiopia. Larvae of B. fusca are also parasitized in the field by the braconid, Bracon sesamiae Cameron and the sarcophagid, Sarcophaga sp., but in low numbers. Parasitism of B. fusca by D. fuscivora is as high as 71% during the dry season (November-March) and approximately 18% in the wet season (June-September). Dolichogenidea fuscivora is active throughout the year. In the laboratory it requires nearly 26 days at 24 ± 1°C to complete the development of one generation (egg to egg laying). Longevity of adults is affected by the availability of food and water. Mating and oviposition reduced the life spans of males and females, respectively. Sixty five to 75 larvae emerged from eggs laid by a single female. The sex ratio ranged from 1:1 to 7:1 (female:male), the average being 5:1.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

scholarly journals Six Year Trend Analysis of Malaria Prevalence at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from 2014-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel Mulugeta ◽  
Atsede Assefa ◽  
Atsede Eshetie ◽  
Birhanie Asmare ◽  
Meseret Birhanie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Predominant Species

Abstract Background: Malaria is disease caused by plasmodium species and transmitted by the bite of female anopheles mosquito. Globally, it is still the major public health problem that causes morbidity and mortality especially in tropical and sub-tropical African countries including Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the Six year trend of malaria at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, from 2014-2019Method: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the laboratory registration logbook at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital by using data extraction tool. The data was analysized by SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants and presented by graphs, tables and texts. The binary logistic regression was also used test the association of trend of malaria and different factors like sex, age, year, and season. Result: From a total 17,500 malaria suspected patients, 1341 (7.7%) were confirmed for malaria and (47.2%), (45.6%) and (7.2%) were P.vivax, P. falciparum and mixed infection, respectively. P.vivax was the predominant species in the first three years and P. falciparum became the predominant species in the last three years. The trend prevalence was showed a fluctuated significantly decrement. It decreased by 68%, 60% and 69% in the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 compare to 2014, respectively. The positivity rate were significantly higher in the males (1.41 times higher) than females. It was also significantly higher in lower age groups compare to the older age groups (> 54 years old). It was 1.60, 1.64, 2.45 and 1.82 times higher in the age group of < 5, 5-14, 15-24 and 25-54 years old, respectively.Conclusion: There has been a significant declining trend of malaria in the study area. However, it is still a major health problem and requires extra efforts for further reduction. Even, autumn was the season when the highest peak of malaria cases in was observed, there was high fluctuation from year to year. Therefore, control activities should be continued and strengthened manner in the study area considering these variability.

Distribution, biology and ecology of Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a pupal parasite of graminaceous stem-borers (Lep., Pyralidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Pupal Parasite ◽  
Dentichasmias Busseolae ◽  
Ethiopian Region

Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr., an important pupal parasite of Pyralid graminaceous stem-borers in East Africa, is widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region but is more abundant in areas with an equatorial humid climate. In the laboratory adults mated immediately after emergence and started oviposition the same day. The female oviposits only in a borer pupa without a cocoon in a stem, and oviposition is stimulated by the presence of the frass of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) larvae. D. busseolae does not attack Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hmps. or Eldana saccharina Wlk. in the field but these were accepted for oviposition when exposed in C. partellus pupation tunnels or with frass of C. partellus larvae, and were suitable for development. D. busseolae could complete its development in one- to eight-day-old C. partellus pupae when the pupal period of C. partellus was 10·5 days. The life-cycle was completed in 15–19 days at a mean temperature of 25°C, but could not be completed at a constant temperature of 30°C; temperatures fluctuating between 22°C and 30°C were not detrimental. At Namulonge (Uganda) percentage parasitism showed a positive correlation with rainfall, with a lag of about a month.

The Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Infests Rice at Low Population Levels in Florida

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik L Roldán ◽  
Julien M Beuzelin ◽  
Matthew T Vanweelden ◽  
Ronald H Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Southern Florida

Abstract The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), rice stalk borer, Chilo plejadellus Zincken, and Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), are stem borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) that infest rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southern United States. A 2-yr study was conducted to determine stem borer injury, infestation, and parasitism levels in Florida. Thirty commercial rice fields were selected during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons throughout the rice production region in southern Florida. Sampling for stem borer injury and infestations was conducted in each field between the milk and early maturation stages by observing plants at 10 locations, with three 1-m2 quadrats per location. In addition, monitoring for E. loftini adults was conducted using one pheromone trap adjacent to each field. In 2017, the number of rice tillers exhibiting stem borer injury averaged 0.024 tillers/m2 and infestation levels averaged 0.008 stem borers/m2, with only D. saccharalis being observed. In 2018, injury and infestation levels averaged 0.062 injured tillers/m2 and 0.023 D. saccharalis larvae or pupae/m2, respectively. The solitary parasitoid Alabagrus stigma Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitized 33 and 40% of the collected D. saccharalis in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In addition, pheromone traps did not capture E. loftini adults. This study shows that D. saccharalis infests rice in Florida but at relatively low levels not threatening production and that rice fields are habitats for D. saccharalis parasitoids. This study also suggests that C. plejadellus and E. loftini do not occur in southern Florida.

scholarly journals The Costs of Implementing Vaccination With the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146831989628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Sicuri ◽  
Fadima Yaya Bocoum ◽  
Justice Nonvignon ◽  
Sergi Alonso ◽  
Bakar Fakih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Candidate Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Price ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fourth Dose ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Health Organization

Background. The World Health Organization has recommended pilot implementation of a candidate vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01) in selected sub-Saharan African countries. This exploratory study aimed to estimate the costs of implementing RTS,S in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Methods. Key informants of the expanded program on immunization at all levels in each country were interviewed on the resources required for implementing RTS,S for routine vaccination. Unit prices were derived from the same sources or from international price lists. Incremental costs in 2015 US dollars were aggregated per fully vaccinated child (FVC). It was assumed the four vaccine doses were either all delivered at health facilities or the fourth dose was delivered in an outreach setting. Results. The costs per FVC ranged from US$25 (Burkina Faso) to US$37 (Kenya) assuming a vaccine price of US$5 per dose. Across countries, recurrent costs represented the largest share dominated by vaccines (including wastage) and supply costs. Non-recurrent costs varied substantially across countries, mainly because of differences in needs for hiring personnel, in wages, in cold-room space, and equipment. Recent vaccine introductions in the countries may have had an impact on resource availability for a new vaccine implementation. Delivering the fourth dose in outreach settings raised the costs, mostly fuel, per FVC by less than US$1 regardless of the country. Conclusions. This study provides relevant information for donors and decision makers about the cost of implementing RTS,S. Variations within and across countries are important and the unknown future price per dose and wastage rate for this candidate vaccine adds substantially to the uncertainty about the actual costs of implementation.

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