scholarly journals The Costs of Implementing Vaccination With the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146831989628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Sicuri ◽  
Fadima Yaya Bocoum ◽  
Justice Nonvignon ◽  
Sergi Alonso ◽  
Bakar Fakih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Candidate Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Price ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fourth Dose ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Health Organization

Background. The World Health Organization has recommended pilot implementation of a candidate vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01) in selected sub-Saharan African countries. This exploratory study aimed to estimate the costs of implementing RTS,S in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Methods. Key informants of the expanded program on immunization at all levels in each country were interviewed on the resources required for implementing RTS,S for routine vaccination. Unit prices were derived from the same sources or from international price lists. Incremental costs in 2015 US dollars were aggregated per fully vaccinated child (FVC). It was assumed the four vaccine doses were either all delivered at health facilities or the fourth dose was delivered in an outreach setting. Results. The costs per FVC ranged from US$25 (Burkina Faso) to US$37 (Kenya) assuming a vaccine price of US$5 per dose. Across countries, recurrent costs represented the largest share dominated by vaccines (including wastage) and supply costs. Non-recurrent costs varied substantially across countries, mainly because of differences in needs for hiring personnel, in wages, in cold-room space, and equipment. Recent vaccine introductions in the countries may have had an impact on resource availability for a new vaccine implementation. Delivering the fourth dose in outreach settings raised the costs, mostly fuel, per FVC by less than US$1 regardless of the country. Conclusions. This study provides relevant information for donors and decision makers about the cost of implementing RTS,S. Variations within and across countries are important and the unknown future price per dose and wastage rate for this candidate vaccine adds substantially to the uncertainty about the actual costs of implementation.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Incremental Costs of Implementing a New Vaccine in the Expanded Program of Immunization in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146831989454
Author(s):  
Joe Brew ◽  
Christophe Sauboin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Background. The World Health Organization is planning a pilot introduction of a new malaria vaccine in three sub-Saharan African countries. To inform considerations about including a new vaccine in the vaccination program of those and other countries, estimates from the scientific literature of the incremental costs of doing so are important. Methods. A systematic review of scientific studies reporting the costs of recent vaccine programs in sub-Saharan countries was performed. The focus was to obtain from each study an estimate of the cost per dose of vaccine administered excluding the acquisition cost of the vaccine and wastage. Studies published between 2000 and 2018 and indexed on PubMed could be included and results were standardized to 2015 US dollars (US$). Results. After successive screening of 2119 titles, and 941 abstracts, 58 studies with 80 data points (combinations of country, vaccine type, and vaccination approach–routine v. campaign) were retained. Most studies used the so-called ingredients approach as costing method combining field data collection with documented unit prices per cost item. The categorization of cost items and the extent of detailed reporting varied widely. Across the studies, the mean and median cost per dose administered was US$1.68 and US$0.88 with an interquartile range of US$0.54 to US$2.31. Routine vaccination was more costly than campaigns, with mean cost per dose of US$1.99 and US$0.88, respectively. Conclusion. Across the studies, there was huge variation in the cost per dose delivered, between and within countries, even in studies using consistent data collection tools and analysis methods, and including many health facilities. For planning purposes, the interquartile range of US$0.54 to US$2.31 may be a sufficiently precise estimate.

scholarly journals What sub-Saharan African countries can learn from malaria elimination in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abubakar Olaitan Badmos ◽  
Aishat Jumoke Alaran ◽  
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi ◽  
Oumnia Bouaddi ◽  
Zainab Onibon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Western Pacific Region ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
African Context ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Reduction

AbstractMalaria is one of the most devastating diseases plaguing the sub-Saharan African region since time immemorial. In spite of a global reduction in mortality rates, a significant proportion of deaths due to malaria is still accounted for in the region. China recently joined the 40 countries declared malaria free by the World Health Organization and became the first country in the WHO Western Pacific Region to be awarded the certification. We commented on the strategies employed by China to eliminate malaria, address challenges facing malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa, and derive lessons that could be learned in the sub-Saharan African context.

scholarly journals Preparedness and Response Efforts to Fight against COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Laboratory Facility ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization

In late December the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as global pandemic and needs international concern. As the novel corona virus rages through the world and spreads rapidly Africa is the least-affected continent at the moment. Sub-Saharan Africa is the home of more than one billion populations with fragile health system which is prone for the epidemic to occur. But Ebola experience left many African countries better prepared. We were searching all sources of the website related to preparation and prevention of COVID-19 in sub-Sahara Africa countries. Most African countries have established laboratory facility and implement the recommendations that terminate the outbreak COVID-19.

Trauma Intervention in Sub-Saharan African Children: A Systematic Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-469
Author(s):  
Tiamo Katsonga-Phiri ◽  
Kathryn E. Grant ◽  
Molly Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The People ◽  
Qualitative Systematic Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Sub-Saharan Africa is a part of the world that is highly affected by a large number of atrocities, causing a myriad of financial, physical health, and mental health consequences. Yet, unfortunately, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), this is also the part of the world that is least served by mental health services. In response, the WHO has created mandates to increase mental health resources and capacity in all countries. Researchers have taken on the work of introducing and adapting treatments in various sub-Saharan African countries with an aim to create sustainable, evidence-based treatment in a part of the world with high need. The current qualitative systematic review of the literature examines 20 articles that report on research conducted in sub-Saharan African countries with children who have suffered different types of traumas. This review answers questions concerning the types of treatments used, the people administering the treatments, the measures they take to adapt these treatments, and the types of outcomes that are seen. Overall, the majority of treatments being used are shown to be effective with the associated populations.

scholarly journals Tobacco Control Gateway to Public Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 175s-175s
Author(s):  
P. Suuna
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Program Policy ◽  
The Media ◽  
Health Organization

Background and context: There are several individuals or groups who have high public profiles and can reach out easily to different audiences. These were mobilized as champions and they helped spread the word on the TC Act hence pushing for its implementation. The main aim was to equip them with the relevant information and understanding of the TC Act. These are important because they make or influence decisions on what goes on in the respective media houses. It is important that they appreciate reasons for supporting the implementation of the TC Act. Aim: Engage media managers and TC champions to understand the TC law provisions and support efforts to publicize it. This will be through one-on-one meetings with editors, producers and talk show anchors as well as facilitating TC champion activities Strategy/Tactics: This was achieved through one on one meetings and media champions community excursions. Program/Policy process: UHCA has for the last three years has been at the forefront of engaging the media to advocate and create public awareness and support for the tobacco control agenda in Uganda and the TC Bill in particular. We have equipped and facilitated monthly interactive dialogues on TC, equipped and deployed media fellows and authored resources and tools for TC communication. We are part of the Tripartite Consortium that won the bid advertised by the World Health Organization to host the Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa (CTCA), which is championing efforts to put in place policies and laws as well as support implementation of existing legislation on tobacco control in five African countries. Outcomes: At least 20 editors, producers and media managers informed on the key provisions of the TC law through 10 one-on-one meetings At least two champions (groups or individuals) actively engaged in TC law awareness and promotion activities At least four talk-shows What was learned: Engaging the information gatekeepers (editors and producers) as well as influential persons in the public is one of the ways to make tobacco control popular among the local community.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Top-Down Approach to Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeola Onasanya ◽  
Michel Bengtson ◽  
Oladimeji Oladepo ◽  
Jo Van Engelen ◽  
Jan Carel Diehl
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intersectoral Collaboration ◽  
Top Down ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Active Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

The control and elimination of schistosomiasis have over the last two decades involved several strategies, with the current strategy by the World Health Organization (WHO) focusing mainly on treatment with praziquantel during mass drug administration (MDA). However, the disease context is complex with an interplay of social, economic, political, and cultural factors that may affect achieving the goals of the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) 2021-2030 Roadmap. There is a need to revisit the current top-down and reactive approach to schistosomiasis control among sub-Saharan African countries and advocate for a dynamic and diversified approach. This paper highlights the challenges of praziquantel-focused policy for schistosomiasis control and new ways to move from schistosomiasis control to elimination in sub-Saharan Africa. We will also discuss an alternative and diversified approach that consists of a Systems Thinking Framework that embraces intersectoral collaboration fully and includes co-creating locally relevant strategies with affected communities. We propose that achieving the goals for control and elimination of schistosomiasis requires a bottom-up and pro-active approach involving multiple stakeholders. Such a pro-active integrated approach will pave the way for achieving the goals of the NTD 2021-2030 roadmap for schistosomiasis, and ultimately improve the wellbeing of those living in endemic areas.

scholarly journals Breast-feeding in sub-Saharan Africa: outlook for 2000

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander RP Walker ◽  
Fatima I Adam
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Urban Mothers ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) has stressed that 1.5 million infants die annually, unnecessarily, from deprival or from insufficiency of breast milk. Hence, the need for its maximal use, very particularly in impoverished populations, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa. In many developed populations, a generation ago the practice was very low, but now it has risen considerably. In contrast, in Africa and in most developing populations, despite the far greater need for breast-feeding, the practice is tending to decrease, especially among urban mothers. While the most common reasons given concern insufficiency of breast milk and employment of mothers, the latter, especially urban mothers, are under strong and increasing pressure to use proprietary replacement foods. These are often made up unsatisfactorily and are contaminated. Also influential are the often less than enthusiastic, and confusing, attitudes of staff at clinics and hospitals, albeit, due in part to their very heavy workloads. Additionally, there is societyp's relatively indifferent attitude to breast-feeding. Currently, a hugely adverse factor is the danger of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transference from seropositive mothers to their infants – in some African countries almost half of antenatal mothers are infected. Chances of early control of the infection are remote. However, apart from this danger, and from the pressure from replacement food companies, the outlook for breast-feeding practice in many African countries is unlikely to improve significantly until greater encouragement is given from State, local and other health authorities.

scholarly journals Enrolment and Micro Health Insurance Growth in Cameroon: the case of BEPHA Scheme in the Bamenda Metropolis, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Okeke Obiamaka ◽  
Kinga Mayin ◽  
Aseh Munteh
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Micro Health Insurance ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Universal Health

Introduction: Micro Health Insurance Schemes such as BEPHA have been envisaged by the World Health Organization as a means to facilitate the achievement of universal health coverage and reduce catastrophic out of pocket payment for health care in the developing countries especially in Sub Saharan African countries including Cameroon. Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of enrollment on the growth of Micro Health Insurance schemes in Bamenda. Methodology: The causal and descriptive design was adopted for this study. The study area was the Bamenda Metropolis where the MHIS, BEPHA exists. The subjects of the study consisted of people of both sexes between ages 14 and 70 years in Bamenda 1, 2, and 3 councils who had heard about or were registered members of BEPHA. Questionnaires were administered using random sampling techniques to 400 respondents and 10 staffs of BEPHA were interviewed. Frequencies, percentages and the multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Findings: From the ten staff interviewed, 50% of them indicated that enrollment into BEPHA was average while 50% said it was low. The growth of BEPHA was said to be50% (average) by 60% of the staff of BEPHA while 40% of them said it was low. Multivariate regression model analysis results showed that enrollment had a significant positive influence on the growth of BEPHA with an estimated standardized coefficients of (β=0.624; p < 0.05). The study overall revealed that enrollment with BEPHA, determine the variations in the growth of the scheme. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study recommended that management of the scheme should amend some clauses within the scheme such as non-coverage of chronic health conditions, to attract more enrollment with BEPHA.

scholarly journals Analysis and modeling of the thermal behavior of an improved pellet cookstove

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Vitoussia ◽  
Alain Brillard ◽  
Justin Bertsch ◽  
Olivier Allgaier ◽  
Gontrand Leyssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Plate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ring Configuration ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
The World ◽  
Thick Steel ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Pollutant Gases

AbstractIn Sub-Saharan countries, cooking is usually done at a domestic scale using rudimentary stoves with wood or charcoal as combustibles. To improve the cooking behavior and reduce the deforestation, an improved pellet cookstove was conceptualized with guiding ideas in mind such as simplicity, robustness and ability to burn pellets built with local wood residues under a natural draught. Combustion and water ebullition tests were performed with two configurations of the upper part of the cookstove: thick steel plate or ring, and with standardized EN+ pellets as combustible. The main pollutant gases (CO, CO2 and NOx), together with O2, were continuously measured at different positions of the cookstove during a water ebullition test with the ring configuration. The levels measured above the pot were lower than the thresholds currently proposed by the World Health Organization. Simple and phenomenological thermal models were proposed to simulate the plate, or ring, and water temperatures during the combustion or water ebullition tests and to determine the intrinsic convection coefficients. The maximal relative differences between the experimental and simulated temperatures were computed between 7 and 21%. The stove power was evaluated at 4336 ± 23 W. The cookstove yield for the water ebullition test with the ring configuration was computed equal to 12.3 ± 0.1%, slightly lower than that of cookstoves previously analyzed in the literature.

scholarly journals A Scoping Review of Policies Related to the Prevention and Control of Overweight and Obesity in Africa

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4028
Author(s):  
Theodosia Adom ◽  
Anniza De Villiers ◽  
Thandi Puoane ◽  
André Pascal Kengne
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Nutrition And Diet ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

To address the issue of obesity, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a set of comprehensive programmes aimed at changing the obesogenic environments to provide opportunities for healthy food options and increased physical activity in the school, home, and at the population level. The objectives of this study were to examine the nature and range of policies related to overweight and obesity prevention in Africa, and to assess how they align with international guidelines. An existing methodological framework was adapted for this scoping review. A search of publicly available national documents on overweight/obesity, general health, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was undertaken from relevant websites, including WHO, ministries, and Google Scholar. Additional requests were sent to key contacts at relevant ministries about existing policy documents. The documents were reviewed, and the policies were categorised, using the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework. The framework categorises the environmental drivers of obesity into four domains (physical, economic, legislative, and socio-cultural) and two scales: macro (national, regional, sectors, food industries, media, etc.) and micro (household, institutional, and community). This review included documents from 41 African countries. The policy initiatives to prevent overweight/obesity target the school, family and community settings, and macro environments, and broadly align with global recommendations. The NCD documents were in the majority, with only two on obesity. The majority of the documents detailed strategies and key interventions on unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. The physical, legislative, and sociocultural domains were largely featured, with less emphasis on the economic domain. Additionally, nutrition- and diet-related policies were in the majority. Overlaps and interactions of policies were observed in the application of the ANGELO framework. This study has provided information on national policies and programmes in Africa and can be useful as a first point of call for policymakers. The overlapping and interaction in the initiatives demonstrate the importance of multi-sectoral partnerships in providing supportive environments for healthy behaviours.

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