APPARENT AVAILABILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS IN CORN, WHEAT AND BARLEY FOR GROWING PIGS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

The apparent ileal and fecal recoveries of amino acids in corn, wheat and barley were determined with barrows ranging in weight from 50 to 70 kg that were fitted with ileocecal re-entrant cannulas. Average ileal availabilities were 4–7% less than average fecal availabilities in the three cereal grains. Of the indispensable amino acids in the cereal grains, the recoveries of lysine and threonine were approximately equal in being the lowest at the end of the ileum, and they decreased from those in corn, to wheat and to those in barley. The recovery of lysine was the lowest in all cereal grains when determined by the fecal analysis method. The apparent fecal recoveries of amino acids in the cereal grains obtained from cannulated pigs were essentially similar to those obtained from non-cannulated pigs. Apparent ileal and fecal recoveries of amino acids in finely ground and cracked wheat were determined with eight barrows that weighed approximately 75 kg. The ileal recoveries of most amino acids were significantly higher (P <.05) in finely ground than in cracked wheat. On the other hand, differences in amino acid availabilities due to processing of wheat could not be detected by the use of the fecal analysis method.

scholarly journals AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS FROM BARLEY, WHEAT, TRITICALE, AND SOYBEAN MEAL FOR GROWING PIGS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
P. M. GIOVANNETTI ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Available P ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis

Amino acid (AA) availabilities from barley, wheat, triticale and soybean meal for barrows weighing 10 and 30 kg were determined by the fecal analysis method. In general, the true availability of each essential AA decreased in the following order: soybean meal > triticale > wheat > barley. Lysine was the least available (P < 0.05) essential AA from the cereal grains. When pigs were fed either triticale, wheat or barley, the respective lysine availabilities were 86, 81 and 77% (10-kg barrows) and 78, 67 and 65% (30-kg barrows). Availabilities of isoleucine, methionine, threonine and valine were similar and were grouped as the next least available essential AA from the cereal grains. Their availabilities varied between 90–92, 87–90 and 85–88% for the 10-kg pigs and between 87–88, 85–86 and 82–85% for the 30-kg pigs fed triticale, wheat and barley, respectively. Methionine was the least available essential AA (86.3%) from soybean meal for the 30-kg barrows. However, the availability of methionine was not significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of lysine, threonine and valine.

APPARENT AND TRUE AVAILABILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT AND MILLING BY-PRODUCTS FOR GROWING PIGS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
R. J. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
The Difference

The apparent availabilities of amino acids measured by the ileal and fecal analysis methods, in wheat, flour and a diet consisting of 45% bran, 45% shorts and 10% middlings (wheat offal), and the metabolic ileal and fecal amino acid levels from protein-free diets containing 5, 10 or 15% alphafloc were determined with barrows ranging in weight from 45 to 70 kg. Availabilities of amino acids, by either method of determination, declined from the flour to the whole wheat to the wheat offal diets for all except arginine by the ileal method. Overall, availability as determined by the fecal method was higher than by the ileal method, and in the majority of comparisons the difference was significant. Lysine and threonine were the least available of the indispensable amino acids by either method of determination. However, because of their relatively large disappearance in the large intestine, the availabilities of threonine in all diets tested and of lysine in wheat offal may not be accurately determined by the fecal analysis method. As the level of alphafloc in the protein-free diets was increased, ileal and fecal amino acid levels, expressed as grams per kilogram dry matter intake, increased. The metabolic amino acid levels were found to increase for isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine and aspartic acid and to decrease for glycine and proline between the end of the ileum and feces.

AVAILABILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS IN BARLEY AND WHEAT FOR GROWING PIGS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
R. M. CICHON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

The apparent ileal and fecal availabilities of amino acids in four barley samples and in four wheat samples were determined with four growing barrows (Yorkshire × Lacombe), fitted with ileocecal re-entrant cannulae. The experimental rations consisted of 96.8% barley or wheat, 2.7% minerals plus vitamins and 0.5% chromic oxide. True availabilities were calculated based on metabolic ileal and fecal amino acid levels obtained in previous studies. There were differences (P <.05) between the apparent ileal as well as between the true ileal availabilities of lysine, methionine, phenylalanine and glutamic acid in the barley samples. The apparent ileal availabilities ranged from 64.9 to 72.5% for lysine, from 72.1 to 83.9% for methionine and from 64.4 to70.4% for threonine. In the same sequence, the true availabilities of these amino acids ranged from 71.2 to 78.8%, from 75.4 to 87.3% and from 74.6 to 79.3%. There were no differences between the apparent as well as between the true availabilities of amino acids in the barley samples when these were measured by the fecal analysis method. With the exception of serine, there were no differences between the apparent as well as between the true ileal availabilities of amino acids in the wheat samples. The average apparent ileal availabilities were 76.7, 82.1 and 76.5% for lysine, methionine and threonine, respectively. In the same sequence, the average true ileal availabilities of these amino acids were 83.5, 85.0 and 85.7%.

scholarly journals Digestible indispensable amino acid score and digestible amino acids in eight cereal grains

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1663-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Cervantes-Pahm ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Hans H. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Digestible Amino Acids

To determine values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), it is recommended that ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values obtained in growing pigs are used to characterise protein quality in different foods. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in eight cereal grains (yellow dent maize, Nutridense maize, dehulled barley, dehulled oats, polished white rice, rye, sorghum and wheat) fed to pigs, where SID values in pigs can be used to calculate approximate DIAAS values in humans. In the present experiment, twenty-four barrows with a T-cannula inserted in the distal ileum were allotted to eight diets and fed for three periods to give a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 14 d, and ileal digesta samples were collected on days 13 and 14. Among the SID values obtained for all cereal grains, values for total indispensable AA were greatest (P< 0·05) in rice and lowest (P< 0·05) in rye and sorghum. The concentrations of SID indispensable AA in rice were less (P< 0·05) than in dehulled oats, but greater (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, and the concentrations of SID indispensable AA in Nutridense maize were greater (P< 0·05) than in yellow dent maize and sorghum, but less (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, except rye. In conclusion, results indicate that to meet dietary requirements for AA in humans, diets based on yellow dent maize or sorghum require more AA supplementation than diets based on other cereal grains.

scholarly journals The direct and difference procedures result in similar estimates for amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings obtained using the direct procedure are not different from values obtained using the difference procedure. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 69.5 ± 5.0 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8 × 4 Youden Square design with 8 diets and 4 periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diet and 2 d of collection of ileal digesta. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, SBM and wheat, or SBM and wheat middlings, and an N-free diet was also used. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the SID of crude protein (CP) and AA for the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct procedure. The AID and SID of CP and AA for the 3 mixed diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings were also calculated and the contribution of digestible AA from SBM was subtracted from the AID or SID values for the diets. The AID or SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were subsequently calculated by difference. Results indicated that the AID values for a few AA were lower (P &lt; 0.05) if the direct procedure was used instead of the difference procedure, regardless of ingredient. The AID of Trp was greater in corn and wheat middlings, and the SID of Trp in corn and wheat middlings tended to be greater, if the direct procedure rather than the difference procedure was used, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.10, respectively). However, for all other indispensable AA, and for most of the dispensable AA, the SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings was not different between the difference procedure and the direct procedure. Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains and fiber-rich ingredients may be determined using either the direct or the difference procedure.

scholarly journals Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
I. D. Hume ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Amino Acid Availability

1. Pigs prepared with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used to determine the ileal availability of amino acids in nine cereal grains including five wheats, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), maize, barley and Triticale.2. The average true availability of amino acids in these grains was 0·88 but there were consistent differences in availability among amino acids. Generally, lysine and threonine were among the least available amino acids while glutamic acid and arginine were among the most available amino acids in cereal protein.3. There was as much variation in amino acid availability within a grain species (wheat) as among the other grains.

Amino acid metabolism in Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govind Singh ◽  
Suman Gupta ◽  
J. C. Katiyar ◽  
V. M. L Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Ancylostoma Ceylanicum ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACTAncylostoma ceylanicum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis decarboxylated most of the amino acids examined, but only a few at signficant rates. The former nematode in general possessed higher activites. Striking differences between the two parasites were, however, noticed regarding the metabolism of some of the amino acids. For instance, while alanine followed by asparate produced highest amounts of 14CO2in the presence of A. ceylanicum, proline exhibited maximum decarboxlation in case of N. brasiliensis. Tyrosine, on the other hand, did not libreate detectable CO2with either parasite. Likewise, although large number of amino acids underwent transmination with 2-oxoglutarate, only some of them elicited appreciable activity for any two parasites.

The effect of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and spring wheat

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
David Paton ◽  
Saul Zalik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

The effects of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and wheat were compared 2 days after the seedlings were sprayed. Spring wheat showed little change in the overall concentration of either the soluble or protein amino acids. Tartary buck wheat, on the other hand, showed marked changes in the balance between soluble and protein amino acids.

scholarly journals The Complementarity of Amino Acids in Cooked Pulse/Cereal Blends and Effects on DIAAS

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1999
Author(s):  
Fei Han ◽  
Paul James Moughan ◽  
Juntao Li ◽  
Natascha Stroebinger ◽  
Shaojie Pang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
The Mean

The aim was to study the complementary effect between cereals and pulses on protein quality. The values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in cooked cereals and pulses, given alone, and blends of cooked cereals and pulses, were determined. True ileal digestibility (TID) values of amino acids for adult humans were obtained. It is difficult to determine ileal amino acid digestibility in humans directly, and for this reason, the growing pig is often used to obtain such values, as a preferred animal model. Seven growing pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 6 incomplete Latin square with seven semi-synthetic diets (cooked mung bean, adzuki bean, millet, adlay, mung bean + millet, adzuki bean + adlay, and an N-free diet) and six 7-day periods. The mean TID values for crude protein differed significantly (p < 0.05), with millet having the highest digestibility (89.4%) and the adzuki bean/adlay mixture having the lowest (79.5%). For lysine, adzuki bean had the highest TID (90%) and millet had the lowest (70%). For the mean of all the amino acids, there was a significant (p < 0.05) effect of diet, with the TID ranging from 72.4% for the adzuki bean/adlay mixture to 89.9% for the adzuki beans. For the older child, adolescent, and adult, the DIAAS (%) was 93 for mung beans, 78 for adzuki beans, 22 for millet, 16 for adlay, and 66 for mung beans + millet, and 51 for adzuki beans + adlay. For mung beans, valine was first-limiting, and the SAA for adzuki beans, while lysine was first-limiting for the other foods. Chinese traditional diets, containing both cereals and pulses, are complementary for most, but not all of the indispensable amino acids.

COMPOSITION, AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITIES AND PROTEIN QUALIT OF HIGH-LYSINE BARLEY LINES FOR GROWING RATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1159
Author(s):  
R. MISIR ◽  
W. C. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
High Lysine ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Hiproly Barley ◽  
Similar Soil

Hiproly barley and five experimental barley lines bred and grown in Alberta under similar soil and environmental conditions were evaluated as sole protein sources in two rat trials. In exp. 1, compared to Gait barley (control), Hiproly and the test lines (Lines 1, 2 and 3) contained 9–22% more nitrogen (N). Hiproly and Line 1 also contained 21 and 29% more lysine, respectively. Consequently, Line 1 could be classified as a "Hiproly" barley, Line 2 as "high protein" barley and Line 3 a "normal" barley. Determined by the fecal analysis method, lysine was least digestible of the amino acids (AA). Apparent lysine digestibilities were similar for all the barleys. In exp. 2, compared to Gait barley (control), Lines 4 and 5 were similar in N content, but contained 13 and 7.5% more lysine, respectively. Measured by the relative protein value method, there were no differences in performance, reflecting the small differences in lysine content among the barleys. The apparent N digestibilities in barley were 10–11 percentage units lower (P < 0.01) than in casein. Calculated chemical scores showed that among the barleys only Line 1 might adequately provide all the AA, including lysine, for 60- to 100-kg pigs. Key words: High lysine barleys, hiproly, barley lines, apparent digestibilities, relative protein values, rats

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