Biopotential of collagen-containing hydrolysates obtained from fish raw materials for protein sports nutrition

Low-molecular peptides of collagen origin are of crucial importance for the body metabolism. This work aims to substantiate the use of the hydrolysates of collagen-containing fish raw materials (scale) for protein sports nutrition. Sublimated low-molecular weight peptide water-soluble and dried water-insoluble protein-mineral supplements from the sardine scale were obtained by enzymatic thermal hydrolysis. The biopotential of scale and auxiliary food additives (apple pomace, flaxseed cake, pine nuts) was investigated using standard methods. The protein content and amino acid composition of the peptide supplement and the mineral composition of the protein-mineral supplement were analysed; their high biopotential according to the above criteria was shown. The peptide supplement contains all essential amino acids having a biological value of 59.9%. The protein-mineral supplement contains no tryptophan but a high amount of calcium (22.2 g/100 g) and phosphorus (12.0 g/100 g). The high content of functional food ingredients (protein, pectin, cellulose, polyphenols, minerals, vitamin C) in auxiliary vegetable raw materials was shown. The shape of a sports nutrition product (chocolate glazed protein bar) was substantiated. The basic recipe of a 60 g protein bar having the required protein content, a given structure and high consumer properties was established. Having a protein content of 23.5%, the bar provides a 24.1% calorific value, which corresponds to the "protein-rich food" for sports nutrition according to GOST 34006-2016. The biological protein value in the bar increased relative to the peptide supplement by 12% and amounted to 71.38%. The developed protein sports nutrition bar is dietary balanced by the content of amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine and cystine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, threonine, alanine, arginine, histidine, glycine, carnosine, taurine, ornithine, citrulline), fibre, polyphenols, calcium and phosphorus and is recommended for athletes and people having an active lifestyle.

Validation of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Measure Dietary Intake of a Selection of Micronutrients in Oncology Patients Undergoing Systemic Therapy

Dietary intake, specifically consumption of anti-inflammatory micronutrients, can play a role in both cancer initiation as well as the treatment-related outcomes experienced by patients receiving systemic cancer therapy. Increasing research is being conducted to determine whether micronutrient supplementation can aid in altering the tumor microenvironment (TME), reducing inflammatory side effects and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). However, further research pertaining to the adequacy of dietary micronutrient intake is indicated in the oncology cohort. Currently, no tool measuring dietary intakes of various micronutrients exists in the oncology population. In this study, a 21-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) measuring intakes of 14 different micronutrients was validated using diet history as the reference method in 112 oncology patients. Bland Altman plot and Passing Bablok regression analysis were conducted to determine agreement between the two methods. The results showed adequate agreement between FFQ and diet history for 12 nutrients including copper, iron, vitamins A, E, and D, alpha linolenic acid (ALA), long-chain omega 3 fatty acids (LC n3-FA), arginine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. This 21-item FFQ, which takes an average of 10 min to complete, can be utilized as a quick screening tool to determine adequacy for 12 different micronutrients in place of a diet history.

A Multi-Ingredient Formula Ameliorates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Changing Metabolic Pathways and Increasing Antioxidant Capacity in Mice

Multiple mechanisms are involved in exercise-induced fatigue, including energy depletion, metabolite accumulation, and oxidative stress, etc. The mechanistic findings provide a rationale for a multi-targeted approach to exercise-induced fatigue management. This study created a multi-ingredient formula mixed with valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, l-carnitine, quercetin, and betaine, based on the functional characteristics of these agents, and evaluated the preventive effect of this mechanism-based formula on exercise-induced fatigue. Results showed that the 7-d formula supplement significantly increased the running duration time of mice by 14% and the distance by 20% in an exhaustive treadmill test, indicating that the formula could delay fatigue appearance and improve exercise performance. Mechanistically, the formula enhanced fatty acid oxidation and spared liver glycogen by regulating the fat/glucose metabolism-related signaling pathways, including phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα), phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1B (CPT1B), fatty acid translocase (CD36), and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and increased antioxidant capacity. The findings suggested that the formula tested in this study effectively ameliorated exercise-induced fatigue by targeting multi-signaling pathways, showing promise as a regimen to fight exercise-induced fatigue.

BrnQ-type Branched-chain Amino Acid Transporters Influence Bacillus anthracis Growth and Virulence

Bacillus anthracis, the anthrax agent, exhibits robust proliferation in diverse niches of mammalian hosts. Metabolic attributes of B. anthracis that permit rapid growth in multiple mammalian tissues have not been established. We posit that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA: Isoleucine, leucine and valine) metabolism is key to B. anthracis pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates relationships between B. anthracis virulence and expression of BCAA-related genes. Expression of some BCAA-related genes is altered during culture in bovine blood in vitro and the bacterium exhibits valine auxotrophy in a blood serum mimic medium. Transcriptome analyses have revealed that the virulence regulator AtxA, that positively affects expression of the anthrax toxin and capsule genes, negatively regulates genes predicted to be associated with BCAA biosynthesis and transport. Here, we show that B. anthracis growth in defined media is severely restricted in the absence of exogenous BCAAs, indicating that BCAA transport is required for optimal growth in vitro. We demonstrate functional redundancy among multiple BrnQ-type BCAA transporters. Three transporters are associated with isoleucine and valine transport, and deletion of one, BrnQ3, attenuates virulence in a murine model for anthrax. Interestingly, an ilvD-null mutant lacking dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, an enzyme essential for BCAAs synthesis, exhibits unperturbed growth when cultured in media containing BCAAs, but is highly attenuated in the murine model. Finally, our data show that BCAAs enhance AtxA activity in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a model in which BCAAs serve as a signal for virulence gene expression.

Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet

This observational study aimed to evaluate serum and urinary amino acid (AA) concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) fed a commercial therapeutic renal diet with reduced protein and phosphorus levels. Ten dogs with CKD stages 3 or 4 composed the study group and received the renal diet for 180 days (RG T180). A control group (CG T30) composed of seven healthy dogs was fed a renal diet for 30 days. When comparing serum AA between RG T180 and CG T30, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine, citrulline, ornithine, taurine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and total essential amino acids (EAA) were higher in RG T180. Meanwhile, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, serine, and tyrosine were higher in CG T30. Serum phenylalanine, tryptophan, and hydroxyproline were higher in RG T0 (dogs with CKD before consuming a renal diet) when compared to RG T180. In addition, the serum ratios of arginine/citrulline, tyrosine/phenylalanine, and serine/glycine were higher in CG T30 than in RG T180. Concerning urinary AA concentrations in CKD dogs, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, aspartate, cysteine, and BCAA were higher in RG T180. In urine, the total EAA/total non-essential AA ratio in RG T180 was higher than in CG T30 as well as tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio higher in CG T30. In conclusion, the combination of renal diet and conservative treatment over 6 months in dogs with CKD stages 3 or 4 affected the AAs metabolism when compared to healthy adult dogs.

Dynamic and migration characteristics of soil free amino acids during the whole growth period of rice after application of milk vetch

Free amino acids (FAAs) in soil play an important role in the soil nitrogen cycle and plant nutrition. However, the attributing factors and migration characteristics of free amino acid pools in paddy soils after green manure application during the entire growth period of rice have not been elucidated. In this study, a single application of chemical fertilizer (CK) was used as a control under equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium conditions, and different application rates of milk vetch (15 000 kghm−2(CL), 30 000 kghm−2(CM) and 45 000 kg hm−2(CH)) were selected to investigate the dynamic of FAAs concentration and composition in paddy soil. Soil FAAs concentration at different growth stages under the same fertilization treatments was highest at the seedling stage and lowest at the tillering stage. The concentration of threonine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine was most abundant under different fertilization treatments during the growth period, accounting for 59.42 %–76.46 % of the respective FAAs pool. The application of milk vetch was shown to increase the soil FAAs concentration, especially glutamic acid, which increased by 368.17 %–680.78 %, but excessive application had an inhibitory effect. Soil pH, organic matter, protease, bacterial biomass and community were critical factors affecting the concentration of soil FAAs. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Nitrospirae significantly affected the dynamics of FAAs in bacterial communities, and their total contribution rate was 56.89 %. FAAs displayed significant vertical profile characteristics, and the mobility of serine, glycine and proline was high. Conclusively, the application of milk vetch was able to significantly change the concentration and composition of soil FAAs, which may affect the capture of N by plants.

Application of Auricularia cornea as a Pork Fat Replacement in Cooked Sausage

The effect of Auricularia cornea (AC) as an alternative for pork fat on the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of cooked sausage were evaluated. The results indicated that replacement of pork fat with AC led to a significant increase in the protein, ash, moisture, cooking loss, water holding capacity, springiness, and chewiness, especially isoleucine, leucine, proline, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and arachidonic acids of the sausages. In contrast, AC reduced the level of fat (12.61%–87.56%) and energy (5.76%–56.40%) of the sausages. In addition, AC led to the mild lightness, yellowness, whiteness, and soft texture, while it did not affect the water activity of the sausages. From the sensory point of view, all sausages were judged acceptable, and the substitution of 75% of pork fat by AC exhibited best sensory characteristics. In a word, AC is a promising food to partially replace the pork fat in sausages.

Association of Plasma Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids with Reduction in Kidney Function Evaluated in Apparently Healthy Adults

The published literature on the association of circulatory branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) with reduced kidney function is inconsistent or conflicting. Clarification of it might help to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and to determine potential biomarkers for early detection and evaluation of kidney function decline. Our main purpose was to explore and clarify the potential relationships of individual BCAAs and AAAs with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline. We included the data from 2804 healthy subjects and categorized them into three groups based on eGFR tertiles. The associations between individual amino acids and eGFR were explored by covariate-adjusted logistic regression models. There was a progressive increase in the concentrations of BCAAs and AAAs from the upper to the lower tertiles. We revealed significant positive associations of isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine with lower tertiles of eGFR in the adjusted models (p < 0.01–0.001). The findings hold a promising potential of using plasma isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine levels for evaluation of kidney function decline. Future longitudinal studies should investigate the causal association between altered levels of these amino acids and impaired kidney function and also the utility of the former as potential biomarkers for evaluating the risk and early detection of the latter.

114 Evaluation of Extrusion Processing Method and Protein Source on Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility

While the majority of dry complete and balanced foods for pet animals are extruded, the interaction between ingredient matrix and processing methods and stages are poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how the use of plant-based and poultry-based proteins processed under different extrusion condition may affect amino acid digestibility in extruded canine diets using a rooster model. Eight diet formulas were made using chicken (CK), chicken byproduct meal (CM), yellow pea (YP), green lentil (GL), and garbanzo bean (GB) as the primary protein sources. These diets were extruded through a single-screw and a twin-screw extruder. Food samples were collected at various stages of processing (i.e., raw, and after preconditioner, extruder, drier, and coating). Four cecectomized single-comb White Leghorn roosters were used for each diet sample. The roosters were fasted for 26 h and then fed with the treatment diets. The excreta were collected 48 h after feeding. Freeze dried excreta were used to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility (SAAD). For all essential amino acids, a significant interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between diet and processing method was observed. The SAAD of arginine, tryptophan, and methionine were greater than 80% for all diets collected at the end of the extruder. The CK diet supplemented with synthetic taurine and processed through twin-extrusion had 70% to 80% SAAD of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Overall, twin-screw extrusion resulted in lower SAAD for all essential amino acids (P &lt; 0.05), except for isoleucine and valine. However, the differences were smaller than 2.5%, and therefore may not negatively impact diet formulation and final product nutrient composition or guaranteed analysis. In addition, the extruded canine diets made with plant-based protein did not have lower amino acid digestibility than those made with animal-based protein.

PSX-A-5 Late-Breaking: Branched chain amino acid and threonine requirements for puppy (>14 wk-9mo) Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique

Branched chain amino acids are heavily involved in protein synthesis and turnover, emphasizing the need to establish requirement for growing animals. On the other hand, threonine is vital for supporting proteins necessary for gut health. Thus, it is very important to supply branched chain amino acids and threonine in appropriate amounts to growing animals. In this experiment, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was utilized to determine valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine requirements in six puppy Labrador Retrievers (&gt;14wk-9mo). Puppies were subjected to diets ranging from deficient to excess, with each of the indispensable amino acids formulated at 1.6x NRC values. The control diet was fed for two days of adaptation, followed by one experimental day in which the test diet was fed. On the test day, a breath sample was collected using a using a respiration mask (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments). A priming dose of L-[1-^13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on body weight was supplied to each puppy, followed by [1-^13C]Phe doses every 30 minutes, for a four hour period. ^13CO[2] was collected after each dose and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results from IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a segmented line model (JMP^® Pro 16). Each of the Four Rivers mean and population requirements were as follows: 1.72 ± 0.11 g/1000 kcal ME for valine; 1.43 ± 0.24 g/1000 kcal ME for isoleucine; 2.25 ± 0.15 g/1000 kcal ME for leucine; 1.74 ± 0.16 g/1000 kcal ME for threonine (mean ± 2SD). The knowledge gained from this study is highly useful as the lean mass deposited as a puppy influences the animal throughout their lifetime.