FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH HOT SPOTS IN FARM STORED GRAIN

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. H. Wallace ◽  
R. N. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Bulk Heating ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Water Contents

The temperature, moisture, germination and fungal relationships of normal and heated wheat and oats collected from grain bulks in 13 granaries in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were determined during the falls and winters of 1957–60. Eight bulks were studied in detail. It was found that hot spots could develop anywhere in a bin. Temperatures up to 53 °C. (in winter) were obtained and were usually highest at the base of the bulk. Heating grain was relatively dry (less than 11 per cent) except along the surface. The highest water contents (27 per cent) in the bulks always occurred in the gram along the surface layers. Loss of germinability could occur anywhere in the bulk. Field fungi, such as Alternaria, were common in viable seed, but negligible in heated grain. The seeds in hot spots were predominantly infected by storage fungi, among which Penicillium spp. were the most abundant, even in relatively dry grain at the 6-foot depth. Other fungi commonly found were Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. versicolor (Vuillemin) Tiraboschi and Absidia spp. Actinomycetes (Streptomyces) were common in some heating grain bulks.

Canonical correlations of seed viability, seed-borne fungi, and environment in bulk grain ecosystems

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Sinha ◽  
H. A. H. Wallace ◽  
F. S. Chebib
Keyword(s):  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Streptomyces Griseus ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Canonical correlation analyses were performed to determine relationships among seed-viability, fungi, and environment in two bulk grain ecosystems. Measurements of 20 variables were made on 8135 samples from two wheat bulks in a farm granary in Winnipeg during 1959–1967. The canonical vectors were interpreted by correlating each set of two canonical variates with the original variates on which they were based. The highest and the second highest significant (P < 0.001) canonical correlation for each combination were field fungi and germination vs. non-biological environment, 0.91 and 0.32; storage fungi vs. non-biological environment, 0.77 and 0.42; field fungi and germination vs. storage fungi, 0.78 and 0.35. In aging grain bulks the attack of the storage fungi Chaetomium funicolum, Streptomyces griseus, Aspergillus spp., and Rhizopus arrhizus involves the loss of grain viability and decrease in the field fungi, Alternaria tenuis, Cochliobolus sativus, and Gonatobotrys simplex. Collectively grain temperature and the granary conditions are most important in the reduction of the field fungi; whereas temperature, moisture content, and time are most involved in the infestation of S. griseus, Penicillium spp., C. funicolum, Aspergillus spp., and R. arrhizus.

The locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) in wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Moisture content was the factor that most affected locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus in wheat at 15°, 22°, and 28 °C. More insects emigrated from dry than from damp wheat; accelerated emigration from damp wheat after 4 days at 28° was attributed to the growth of storage fungi, primarily Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Emigration was not different at insect densities ranging from 5 to 50 insects per 98 g of wheat.C. ferrugineus was positively geotactic except in wheat which had been previously infested. Emigration was stimulated in daylight and by continuous illumination, but was depressed in darkness.Starved insects were less active than unstarved insects in dry wheat, but both groups were equally active in damp wheat. Insects were more active in dry than in damp wheat, but activity did not differ when both wheats were cracked to provide more accessible feeding sites. Locomotor activity in moldy wheat was related to preconditioning; more insects preconditioned for 3 days in dry wheat remained in moldy wheat than did those preconditioned for 3 days on damp wheat.The results suggest that insects concentrate in damp or cracked wheat because they can feed, oviposit, and develop more readily than is possible in dry wheat. Thus, in grain bulks C. ferrugineus tends to disperse in dry regions and to concentrate in moister regions.

Insects and Mites Associated with Hot Spots in Farm Stored Grain

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 609-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Rapid Deterioration ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Hot spots may develop quickly in farm stored grain under Canadian winter conditions. Heavy infestations of mites, insects and fungi may accompany such hot spots (Stirrett and Arnott, 1933; Watters, 1955). Once the heating process is initiated, whatever its cause, it brings about a rapid deterioration of grain, tluough charring of kernels, and reduction of their germinability, and by providing optimum conditions for the growth and reproduction of storage fungi, insects and mites.

Segregation in stored grain bulks: Kinematics, dynamics, mechanisms, and minimization – A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuji Jian ◽  
Ramasamy B. Narendran ◽  
Digvir S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Stored Grain ◽  
Grain Bulks

Convective-diffusive Transport of Carbon Dioxide Through Stored-grain Bulks

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1505-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Alagusundaram ◽  
D. S. Jayas ◽  
W. E. Muir ◽  
N. D. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Diffusive Transport ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Grain Bulks

scholarly journals Grain storage: the management of ecological change – abstract

1988 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Simple Structure ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Tropical Climates

Grain stored in bulk forms a man-made ecosystem with a limited, non-regenerating energy supply. However, frequent interference results in an immature, unstable ecosystem with a relatively simple structure and composed of species with limited specialisation, and high growth and reproductive rates. Microbial colonisation commences soon after ear emergence, by what have been termed “field” fungi. These usually have a minimum water potential for germination of −22.4 MPa (> 0.85 aw), have to contend with large diurnal changes in environmental conditions and seldom develop further in store. Sometimes, especially in humid tropical climates, species more typical of stored grain (“storage fungi”) also develop before harvest, and even produce mycotoxins. This differentiation between fungi characteristic of field or store is historical and their classification on ecological requirements would be preferable.

Infestation of Mites, Insects and Microorganisms in a Large Wheat Bulk after Prolonged Storage

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Sinha ◽  
E. A. R. Liscombe ◽  
H. A. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Prairie Provinces ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

Mites, insects, and storage fungi usually infest grain that has been stored for several years. Since mites and most storage fungi are usually considered of secondary importance to insects, few comprehensive studies have been made on their occurrence in grain stored in the Prairie Provinces. Although difficult to see because of their microscopic size, the presence of mites and fungi in stored grain often leads to a decrease in grain quality. Thus, information on their occurrence in stored grain together with data on the damage attributed to them would be useful in assessing their economic significance.

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