EFFECT OF FIVE INSECTICIDES ON POPULATIONS OF THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER AND THE INCIDENCE OF ASTER YELLOWS IN CARROTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. HENNE
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Insecticide Spray

Five insecticides were evaluated for their ability to control the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), and to reduce the incidence of aster yellows disease, transmitted by this vector in carrots. Furadan (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) as a single granular treatment at seeding was as effective in reducing the level of aster yellows disease as five or eight foliar treatments with carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) in 1967 and 1968. Oxydemeton-methyl (O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(ethylsulfinyl)-ethyl]phosphorothioate) was comparable with carbaryl in reducing aster leafhopper numbers and incidence of aster yellows disease. Disulfoton (O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate) as a single granular application at seeding was the least effective treatment in this study. Aster yellows incidence in carrots treated with DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane] was only slightly lower than with carbaryl in a commercial scale trial. A 5-day insecticide spray schedule was not appreciably more effective than a 10-day schedule.

scholarly journals Seasonal Patterns of Aster Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Abundance and Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Infectivity in Wisconsin Carrot Fields

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Frost ◽  
P. D. Esker ◽  
R. Van Haren ◽  
L. Kotolski ◽  
R. L. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Aster Yellows Phytoplasma

scholarly journals Genetic Variation Among Geographically Disparate Isolates of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma in the Contiguous United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 604-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Clements ◽  
Marjorie Garcia ◽  
Benjamin Bradford ◽  
Linda Crubaugh ◽  
Shannon Piper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Macrosteles Quadrilineatus ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Aster Yellows Phytoplasma ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Aster Yellows phytoplasma (AYp; Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) is associated with diseases of herbaceous plants, including ornamentals and important commercial vegetable and grain crops. The aster leafhopper (ALH; Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) is the predominant vector of these bacteria, though other leafhopper species can acquire and transmit AYp. Potentially inoculative leafhoppers are reported to overwinter in the southern United States and migrate to northern latitudes in the spring. Examining the genetic similarities and differences in AYp associated with southern and northern populations of ALH may provide insight into the role that migrating ALH play in AYp disease development. To investigate similarities among geographically distinct populations of ALH and characterize the variation in AYp associated within these populations, we identified genetic variations in subgroup designation and the relative proportions of secreted AY-WB proteins from field-collected populations of AYp isolated from ALH from select locations in the southern (Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas) and the northern United States (Wisconsin) in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Isolated phytoplasma were tested for variation of AYp genotypes, numbers of potentially inoculative (AYp-positive) ALH, and presence of specific AYp virulence (effector) genes. Geographically distinct populations of ALH collected in northern and southern regions were similar in CO1 genotype but carried different proportions of AYp genotypes. While similar AYp strains were detected in geographically distinct locations, the proportion of each genotype varied over time.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Aster Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Abundance and Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Infectivity in Wisconsin Carrot Fields

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Frost ◽  
P. D. Esker ◽  
R. Van Haren ◽  
L. Kotolski ◽  
R. L. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Aster Yellows Phytoplasma

Reduction in the transmissibility of a greenhouse-maintained isolate of aster yellows agent

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (13) ◽  
pp. 1783-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Chiykowski
Keyword(s):  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aster Leafhopper

A celery-infecting isolate of aster yellows agent (isolate A), maintained in the greenhouse since its isolation from the field in 1958, was found to be significantly less transmissible by the aster leafhopper. Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) than a similar isolate (isolate B) obtained from the same area in 1972. The difference in transmissibility was greatest in male insects, especially those given acquisition access periods as adults. Transmission of isolate A was increased to equal that of isolate B when leafhoppers were injected with inocula prepared from inoculative leafhoppers. No differences were found between isolates in their incubation periods in plants and insects or in their ability to infect asters. On the basis of earlier data and present findings, it is suggested that isolate A has undergone a change in transmissibility during its maintenance in plants grown under artificial conditions.

Oviposition Behavior and Development of Aster Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Selected Host Plants From the Canadian Prairies

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2695-2704
Author(s):  
Berenice Romero ◽  
Chrystel Olivier ◽  
Tyler Wist ◽  
Sean M Prager
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Aster Leafhopper

Abstract Some plant pathogens are capable of manipulating their insect vectors and plant hosts in a way that disease transmission is enhanced. Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the main vector of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) in the Canadian Prairies, which causes Aster Yellows (AY) disease in over 300 plant species including cereals and oilseeds. However, little is known about the host range of Aster leafhoppers or their host-choice selection behavior in this geographical region. Several crop and noncrop species commonly found in the Canadian Prairies were evaluated as food and reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers through no-choice bioassays. To study possible effects of pathogen infection, AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects were used. Cereals and some noncrops like fleabane were suitable reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers, with numbers of offspring observed in treatments using both AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects, suggesting an egg-laying preference on these plant species. Development was similar across the different plant species, except for canola and sowthistle, where growth indexes were lower. Sex-ratios of Aster leafhopper adults did not differ among the plant species or with respect to AY infection. Potential fecundity differed across plant species and was affected by the infection status of the insect. These findings have implications for AY epidemiology and suggest that while cereals can be suitable host plants for Aster leafhopper oviposition and development, some noncrop species could act as alternate hosts for leafhoppers that migrate into the Canadian Prairies before emergence of cereal and canola crops.

scholarly journals Identifying Leafhopper Targets for Controlling Aster Yellows in Carrots and Celery

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Patrick T. Stillson ◽  
Zsofia Szendrei
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection ◽  
Macrosteles Quadrilineatus ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Aster Yellows Phytoplasma ◽  
Species Being

Aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) is a multi-host plant pathogen and is transmitted by at least 24 leafhopper species. Pathogen management is complex and requires a thorough understanding of vector dynamics. In the American Midwest, aster yellows is of great concern for vegetable farmers who focus on controlling one vector, Macrosteles quadrilineatus—the aster leafhopper. However, vegetable-associated leafhopper communities can be diverse. To investigate whether additional species are important aster yellows vectors, we surveyed leafhopper communities at commercial celery and carrot farms in Michigan from 2018 to 2019 and conducted real-time PCR to determine infection status. Leafhoppers were collected within crop fields and field edges and identified with DNA barcoding. Overall, we collected 5049 leafhoppers, with the most abundant species being M. quadrilineatus (57%) and Empoasca fabae—the potato leafhopper (23%). Our results revealed the most abundant aster yellows vector in Michigan in both crops is M. quadrilineatus, but we also found that E. fabae may be a potential vector for this pathogen. While several taxa reside in and near these crops, we did not find strong evidence that they contribute to phytoplasma infection. These findings indicate that M. quadrilineatus should be the primary target for controlling this pathogen.

Variability in Aster Yellows Infectivity of Local Populations of the Aster Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Wisconsin

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1522-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Rice Mahr ◽  
Jeffrey A. Wyman ◽  
Keith R. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Aster Leafhopper

scholarly journals Candidatus (Ca.) phytoplasma asteris subgroups display distinct disease progression dynamics during the carrot growing season

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Clements ◽  
Benjamin Z. Bradford ◽  
Marjorie Garcia ◽  
Shannon Piper ◽  
Weijie Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Aster Yellows Phytoplasma

AbstractAster Yellows phytoplasma (AYp; Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma asteris) is an obligate bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of multiple diseases in herbaceous plants. While this phytoplasma has been examined in depth for its disease characteristics, knowledge about the spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogen spread is lacking. The phytoplasma is found in plant’s phloem and is vectored by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), including the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes. The aster leafhopper is a migratory insect pest that overwinters in the southern United States, and historical data suggest these insects migrate from southern overwintering locations to northern latitudes annually, transmitting and driving phytoplasma infection rates as they migrate. A more in-depth understanding of the spatial, temporal and genetic determinants of Aster Yellows disease progress will lead to better integrated pest management strategies for Aster Yellows disease control. Carrot, Daucus carota L., plots were established at two planting densities in central Wisconsin and monitored during the 2018 growing season for Aster Yellows disease progression. Symptomatic carrots were sampled and assayed for the presence of the Aster Yellows phytoplasma. Aster Yellows disease progression was determined to be significantly associated with calendar date, crop density, location within the field, and phytoplasma subgroup.

scholarly journals Aster leafhopper survival and reproduction, and Aster yellows transmission under static and fluctuating temperatures, using ddPCR for phytoplasma quantification

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md H. Bahar ◽  
Tyler J. Wist ◽  
Diana R. Bekkaoui ◽  
Dwayne D. Hegedus ◽  
Chrystel Y. Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures
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