Oviposition Behavior and Development of Aster Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Selected Host Plants From the Canadian Prairies

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2695-2704
Author(s):  
Berenice Romero ◽  
Chrystel Olivier ◽  
Tyler Wist ◽  
Sean M Prager
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Aster Leafhopper

Abstract Some plant pathogens are capable of manipulating their insect vectors and plant hosts in a way that disease transmission is enhanced. Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the main vector of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) in the Canadian Prairies, which causes Aster Yellows (AY) disease in over 300 plant species including cereals and oilseeds. However, little is known about the host range of Aster leafhoppers or their host-choice selection behavior in this geographical region. Several crop and noncrop species commonly found in the Canadian Prairies were evaluated as food and reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers through no-choice bioassays. To study possible effects of pathogen infection, AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects were used. Cereals and some noncrops like fleabane were suitable reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers, with numbers of offspring observed in treatments using both AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects, suggesting an egg-laying preference on these plant species. Development was similar across the different plant species, except for canola and sowthistle, where growth indexes were lower. Sex-ratios of Aster leafhopper adults did not differ among the plant species or with respect to AY infection. Potential fecundity differed across plant species and was affected by the infection status of the insect. These findings have implications for AY epidemiology and suggest that while cereals can be suitable host plants for Aster leafhopper oviposition and development, some noncrop species could act as alternate hosts for leafhoppers that migrate into the Canadian Prairies before emergence of cereal and canola crops.

ADDITIONAL HOST PLANTS OF CLOVER PHYLLODY IN CANADA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. CHIYKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Source Plant ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Clover Phyllody

Symptoms were observed on 35 out of 74 plant species, in 15 families inoculated with clover phyllody by the aster leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal)). Symptomatology for some of the hosts is described and illustrated. There were differences in numbers of plants infected, length of time for symptom development, and numbers of insects surviving on the various species of plants, but these were not correlated. Although the clover phyllody agent was transmitted to asters from 17 of 19 infected plant species the number of leafhoppers that became inoculative varied considerably depending on the source plant species.

scholarly journals Verticillium dahliae strains that infect the same host plant display highly divergent effector catalogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesham A.Y. Gibriel ◽  
Jinling Li ◽  
Longfu Zhu ◽  
Michael F. Seidl ◽  
Bart P.H.J. Thomma
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Host Colonization ◽  
Effector Gene

Originality and significance statementDuring host colonization, plant pathogens secrete molecules that enable host colonization, also known as effector proteins. Here, we show that strains of the fungal plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae that are able to infect the same host plant harbour highly divergent LS effector repertoires. Our study outlines the variability within LS effector gene repertoires of V. dahliae strains, which may allow the various strains to be competitive in the co-evolution with their hosts.SummaryEffectors are proteins secreted by pathogens to support colonization of host plants, often by deregulating host immunity. Effector genes are often localized within dynamic lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions, allowing rapid evolution of effector catalogues. Such localization permits pathogens to be competitive in the co-evolutionary arms races with their hosts. For a broad host-range pathogen such as Verticillium dahliae it is unclear to what extent single members of their total effector repertoires contribute to disease development on multiple hosts. Here, we determined the core and LS effector repertoires of a collection of V. dahliae strains, as well as the ability of these strains to infect a range of plant species comprising tomato, cotton, Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis, and sunflower to assess whether the presence of particular LS effectors correlates with the ability to infect particular plant species. Surprisingly, we found that V. dahliae strains that are able to infect the same host plant harbor highly divergent LS effector repertoires. Furthermore, we observed differential V. dahliae core effector gene expression between host plants. Our data suggest that different V. dahliae lineages utilise divergent effector catalogs to colonize the same host plant, suggesting considerable redundancy among the activities of effector catalogs between lineages.

Experimental increase in female mass during the fertile phase leads to enhanced extra-pair paternity in pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Plaza ◽  
Alejandro Cantarero ◽  
Juan Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ficedula Hypoleuca ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Fertile Phase ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity

Female mass in most altricial birds reaches its maximum during breeding at egg-laying, which coincides temporally with the fertile phase when extra-pair paternity (EPP) is determined. Higher mass at laying may have two different effects on EPP intensity. On the one hand, it would lead to increased wing loading (body mass/wing area), which may impair flight efficiency and thereby reduce female’s capacity to resist unwanted extra-pair male approaches (sexual conflict hypothesis). On the other hand, it would enhance female condition, favouring her capacity to evade mate-guarding and to search for extra-pair mates (female choice hypothesis). In both cases, higher female mass at laying may lead to enhanced EPP. To test this prediction, we reduced nest building effort by adding a completely constructed nest in an experimental group of female pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Our treatment caused an increase in mass and thereby wing loading and this was translated into a significantly higher EPP in the manipulated group compared with the control group as expected. There was also a significant negative relationship between EPP and laying date and the extent of the white wing patch, an index of female dominance. More body reserves at laying mean not only a higher potential fecundity but a higher level of EPP as well. This interaction had not previously received due attention but should be considered in future studies of avian breeding strategies.

scholarly journals Effect of host plant on the life history of the carnation tortrix moth Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marcin W. Zielonka ◽  
Tom W. Pope ◽  
Simon R. Leather
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Host Plant Species ◽  
The Uk

Abstract The carnation tortrix moth, Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, [1799]) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most economically important insect species affecting the horticultural industry in the UK. The larvae consume foliage, flowers or fruits, and/or rolls leaves together with silken threads, negatively affecting the growth and/or aesthetics of the crop. In order to understand the polyphagous behaviour of this species within an ornamental crop habitat, we hypothesized that different host plant species affect its life history traits differently. This study investigated the effects of the host plant species on larval and pupal durations and sizes, and fecundity (the number of eggs and the number and size of egg clutches). At 20°C, 60% RH and a 16L:8D photoperiod larvae developed 10, 14, 20 and 36 days faster when reared on Christmas berry, Photinia (Rosaceae), than on cherry laurel, Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae), New Zealand broadleaf, Griselinia littoralis (Griseliniaceae), Mexican orange, Choisya ternata (Rutaceae), and firethorn, Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae), respectively. Female pupae were 23.8 mg heavier than male pupae, and pupal weight was significantly correlated with the duration of larval development. The lowest and the highest mean numbers of eggs were produced by females reared on Pyracantha (41) and Photinia (202), respectively. Clutch size differed significantly among moths reared on different host plants, although the total number of eggs did not differ. This study showed that different ornamental host plants affect the development of C. pronubana differently. Improved understanding of the influence of host plant on the moth's life history parameters measured here will help in determining the economic impact that this species may have within the ornamental plant production environment, and may be used in developing more accurate crop protection methodologies within integrated pest management of this insect.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

logjam Encodes a Predicted EMP24/GP25 Protein That Is Required for Drosophila Oviposition Behavior

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Ginger E Carney ◽  
Barbara J Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
P Element ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles ◽  
Egg Chambers ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Overlapping Transcripts

Abstract A newly characterized Drosophila melanogaster gene, logjam (loj), functions in female reproduction by modulating oviposition behavior. The locus encodes at least six overlapping transcripts with unique 5′ ends. P-element mutants that express very low levels of loj transcripts are unable to oviposit mature eggs. This phenotype can be rescued by the introduction of a transgene expressing the most abundant loj transcript. As for many genes that specify behavioral outputs, loj is present in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, it is also observed in vitellogenic egg chambers, suggesting that there may be multiple functions for this gene in egg-laying behavior. loj encodes a predicted protein with homology to the EMP24/GP25 transmembrane components of cytoplasmic vesicles and likely functions in intracellular trafficking.

EFFECT OF FIVE INSECTICIDES ON POPULATIONS OF THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER AND THE INCIDENCE OF ASTER YELLOWS IN CARROTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. HENNE
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Insecticide Spray

Five insecticides were evaluated for their ability to control the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), and to reduce the incidence of aster yellows disease, transmitted by this vector in carrots. Furadan (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) as a single granular treatment at seeding was as effective in reducing the level of aster yellows disease as five or eight foliar treatments with carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) in 1967 and 1968. Oxydemeton-methyl (O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(ethylsulfinyl)-ethyl]phosphorothioate) was comparable with carbaryl in reducing aster leafhopper numbers and incidence of aster yellows disease. Disulfoton (O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate) as a single granular application at seeding was the least effective treatment in this study. Aster yellows incidence in carrots treated with DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane] was only slightly lower than with carbaryl in a commercial scale trial. A 5-day insecticide spray schedule was not appreciably more effective than a 10-day schedule.

Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.B. Badii ◽  
M.K. Billah ◽  
K. Afreh-Nuamah ◽  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Fruit Samples

An important aspect of fruit fly management is accurate information on the species and their host spectrum. Studies were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 to determine the host range and species diversity of pest fruit flies in the northern savannah ecology of Ghana. Fruit samples from 80 potential host plants (wild and cultivated) were collected and incubated for fly emergence; 65 (81.5%) of the plant species were positive to fruit flies. From records in Africa, 11 plant species were reported to be new hosts to the African invader fly,Bactrocera invadens(Drew, Tsuruta and White, 2005). This study documented the first records ofDacus ciliatus(Loew) andTrirhithrum nigerrimum(Bezzi) in northern Ghana although both species have been previously reported in other parts of the country. Infestation byB. invadenswas higher in the cultivated fruits;Ceratitis cosyradominated in most wild fruits. Cucurbitaceae were mainly infested by three species ofDacusandBactroceracucurbitae, a specialized cucurbit feeder. Among the commercial fruit species, the highest infestations were observed in mango, tomato, sweet pepper and watermelon, whereas marula plum, soursop, tropical almond, sycamore fig, African peach, shea nut, persimmon, icacina and albarillo dominated the wild host flora. The widespread availability of host plants and the incidence of diverse fly species in the ecology call for particular attention to their impact on commercial fruits and the development of sustainable management strategies against these economically important pests in Ghana.

scholarly journals Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Diaporthe and Anamorph Phomopsis from Terrestrial and Marine Habitats and Endophytes: 2010–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Tang-Chang Xu ◽  
Yi-Han Lu ◽  
Jun-Fei Wang ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Song ◽  
Ya-Ge Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Unidentified Species

The genus Diaporthe and its anamorph Phomopsis are distributed worldwide in many ecosystems. They are regarded as potential sources for producing diverse bioactive metabolites. Most species are attributed to plant pathogens, non-pathogenic endophytes, or saprobes in terrestrial host plants. They colonize in the early parasitic tissue of plants, provide a variety of nutrients in the cycle of parasitism and saprophytism, and participate in the basic metabolic process of plants. In the past ten years, many studies have been focused on the discovery of new species and biological secondary metabolites from this genus. In this review, we summarize a total of 335 bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from 26 known species and various unidentified species of Diaporthe and Phomopsis during 2010–2019. Overall, there are 106 bioactive compounds derived from Diaporthe and 246 from Phomopsis, while 17 compounds are found in both of them. They are classified into polyketides, terpenoids, steroids, macrolides, ten-membered lactones, alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Polyketides constitute the main chemical population, accounting for 64%. Meanwhile, their bioactivities mainly involve cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-algae, phytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities. Diaporthe and Phomopsis exhibit their potent talents in the discovery of small molecules for drug candidates.

scholarly journals Seasonal Patterns of Aster Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Abundance and Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Infectivity in Wisconsin Carrot Fields

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Frost ◽  
P. D. Esker ◽  
R. Van Haren ◽  
L. Kotolski ◽  
R. L. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Aster Yellows Phytoplasma
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