VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT LEVELS OF LINGONBERRIES GROWN IN FOUR ALASKAN SUBSTRATES

Vegetative growth of lingonberries was observed on plants growing in four unsterilized, native-Alaskan substrates: coarsely-ground Lemeta peat, Fairbanks silt loam soil, a mixture of peat and silt loam soil and washed Chena very fine sandy loam soil. Following three growing seasons, plants in the peat treatment showed the greatest increase in vegetative growth as revealed by the number of new stems produced, stem length and dry weight per plant. Leaf size did not differ among substrate treatments. The leaves on plants grown in the peat substrate remained green throughout the entire experiment. The leaves of plants in all other treatments showed varying degrees of chlorosis followed by reddening and necrosis. Differences in concentration of N, P, K, Mn, Fe, Zn and Al in whole-plant tissue samples were recorded. The results indicate lingonberries should be grown in a peat substrate for maximum growth and dry matter accumulation.

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Soil water drying and recharge rates as affected by tillage under continuous barley and barley-canola cropping systems in northwestern Canada

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s00-029 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R H Azooz ◽

M A Arshad

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Water ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Time Domain Reflectometry ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Silt Loam Soil ◽

Loam Soil ◽

The Impact

In areas of the northwestern Canadian Prairies, barley and canola are grown in a short growing season with high rainfall variability. Excessively dry soil in conventional tillage (CT) in dry periods and excessively wet soil in no-tillage (NT) in wet periods could cause a significant decrease in crop production by influencing the availability of soil water. The effects of CT, NT and NT with a 7.5-cm residue-free strip on the planting rows (NTR) on soil water drying (–dW/dt) and recharge (dW/dt) rates were studied in 1992 and 1993 during wet and dry periods to evaluate the impact of NTR, NT and CT systems on soil moisture condition. The soils, Donnelly silt loam and Donnelly sandy loam (both Gray Luvisol) were selected and soil water content by depth was measured by time domain reflectometry. Water retained at 6 matric potentials from –5 to –160 kPa were observed. In the field study, –dW/dt was significantly greater in CT than in NT in the silt loam for the 0- to 30-cm layer during the first 34 d after planting in 1992. The 0- to 30-cm soil layer in CT and NTR dried faster than in NT during a period immediately following heavy rainfall in the silt loam in 1993. The drying coefficient (–Kd ) was significantly greater in CT and NTR than in NT in the silt loam soil in 1993 and in the sandy loam soil in 1992 in the top 30-cm depth. The recharge coefficient (Kr) was significantly greater in NT and NTR than in CT for the silt loam soil. The NTR system increased the –dW/dt by 1.2 × 10-2 to 12.1 × 10-2 cm d-1 in 1992 and 1993 in the silt loam soil and by 10.2 × 10-2 cm d-1 in 1993 in the sandy loam soil as compared with NT. The dW/dt was 8.1 × 10-2 cm d-1 greater in NTR in 1992 and 1993 in the silt loam soil and was 1.9 × 10-2 greater in NTR in 1992 than in CT in the sandy loam soil. The laboratory study indicated that NT soils retained more water than the CT soils. The NTR practice maintained better soil moisture conditions for crop growth than CT in dry periods than NT in wet periods. Compared with NT, the NTR avoided prolonged near-saturated soil conditions with increased soil drying rate under extremely wet soil. Key words: Water drying, water recharge, water depletion, wet and drying periods, hydraulic properties, soil capacity to retain water

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Effect of tillage and residue management on barley and canola growth and water use efficiency

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s97-098 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 649-656 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. H. Azooz ◽

M. A. Arshad

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Residue Management ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Grain Production ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Use Efficiency

Residue management and tillage are used to reduce the effect of water deficit or excess on crop production in northwestern Canada. This study was conducted on Donnelly silt loam and sandy loam soils (both Gray Luvisols) to evaluate the effects of conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) and modified NT (MNT, i.e., NT with 75-mm wide residue-free strip over the planting row) on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola (Brassica campestris L.) dry matter accumulation and grain production, water depletion and water use efficiency (WUE) in 1992 and 1993. Infiltration rates (Ic), soil water content, plant dry matter and grain yields were measured. The Ic of the two soils was greater than the rainfall rate (Rr) in both years, suggesting that there was no runoff. In 1992, a dry year, barley grain yields were significantly greater by 16% on the silt loam and by 17% on the sandy loam under MNT as compared with CT. The MNT increased barley grain yield by 3% compared with NT on the silt loam and increased canola grain yield by 12% on the sandy loam soil in 1993, which was a wet year. Dry matter accumulation and grain yield of barley in CT were adversely affected by a prolonged early dry period in 1992. Abundant rainfall slowed barley and canola growth and depressed yield in the NT in 1993. From seeding to harvest in 1992, WUE for barley grain production on the silt loam was greater by 21% in the NT and by 18% in the MNT as compared with the CT, which had a WUE of 5.25 kg ha−1 mm−1; it was greater by 19% in the NT and by 10% in the MNT compared with the CT on the sandy loam soil with a WUE of 5.07 kg ha−1 mm−1. In 1993, NT and MNT had lower WUE, which coincided with lower grain yield as compared with CT. Key words: Infiltration, water depletion, drying rate and drainage

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Temperature effects on imazaquin soil bioavailability, uptake, and metabolism in corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500092717 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 198-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicholas D. Polge ◽

Michael Barrett

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Shoot Tissue ◽

Silt Loam Soil ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Loam Soil

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil temperature on the response of corn to imazaquin soil residues. In a silt loam soil, 24/30 C (night/day) or 18/24 C soil temperatures caused greater inhibition of shoot growth than 12/18 C soil temperature. However, in a sandy loam soil, inhibition of corn shoot growth was maximal at 18/24 C, and there was no difference in shoot-growth inhibition between the lowest and highest temperatures. Higher soil temperatures caused greater root-growth inhibition in the sandy loam soil but not in silt loam soil. Soil temperature did not affect14C-imazaquin uptake from either soil. Higher soil temperatures increased the translocation of imazaquin from root to shoot tissue in both soils. In the sandy loam soil, imazaquin metabolism in root tissue decreased as soil temperature increased, with twice as much parent herbicide recovered from roots of plants grown under the highest compared with the lowest temperature treatments. Soil temperature had no effect on imazaquin metabolism in shoot tissue. Longer-term experiments (22 d) were conducted with the sandy loam soil to determine the effect of changes in air temperature on corn response to imazaquin soil residues. Plants exposed to 24/30 C for 7 or 14 d of the final 14-d growing period showed greater inhibition of shoot growth compared with plants maintained at 12/18 C. Uptake and translocation of14C-imazaquin to shoots was greater in plants maintained at 24/30 C throughout the final 14-d period than in plants maintained at 12/18 C. Plants grown for 7 d at 24/30 C during the final 14-d period either preceding or following 7 d growth at 12/18 C showed increased translocation of imazaquin to shoots but no difference in imazaquin uptake compared with plants maintained at 12/18 C. Neither air nor soil temperature treatments had any effect on imazaquin concentration in soil water.

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Biodegradation of caffeine in agricultural soil

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s05-064 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 533-544 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Edward Topp, John Hendel ◽

Zexun Lu ◽

Ralph Chapman

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Pseudomonas Sp ◽

Chemical Marker ◽

Silt Loam Soil ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Loam Soil

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) could represent a useful marker of contamination of effluent from agricultural land receiving biosolids. The persistence characteristics of caffeine in three agricultural soils was investigated. In laboratory microcosms of moist soil incubated at 30°C, [8-ring-14C]-caffeine was rapidly and thoroughly mineralized to 14CO2 in a sandy loam and a loam soil, and less rapidly in a silt loam soil. Caffeine mineralization was very responsive to soil temperature and moisture. Mineralization of caffeine was hastened by the addition of liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) from three municipal sewage-treatment plants (MSTPs) that aerate this material. In contrast, LMB from three MSTPs that did not aerobically digest their LMB did not accelerate caffeine mineralization. Autoclaved LMB had no effect on caffeine dissipation. Abacterium, designated Pseudomonas sp. Strain TH1, was isolated from aerated LMB. The bacterium first demethylated caffeine to 3,7-dimethylxanthine, and then mineralized the molecule. Inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. Strain TH1 into soil hastened mineralization of [8-ring-14C]-caffeine. In summary, caffeine was more stable in a silt loam soil than a sandy loam or loam soil, but biodegradation in all three soils was quite uniform upon the addition of caffeine-degrading bacteria or aerated biosolids. We suggest that caffeine would likely not be a suitably conservative chemical marker for detecting chronic contamination of agricultural drainage water following fertilization wit hLMB. Aerobic digestion of LMB promotes the enrichment of caffeine-degrading microorganisms. Key words: Caffeine biodegradation, biosolids chemical marker, biosolids organic contaminant, water quality

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Sorption of estrogens, triclosan, and caffeine in a sandy loam and a silt loam soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments ◽

10.1007/s11368-010-0223-5 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1300-1307 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong ◽

Audra N. Morse ◽

Jonathan D. Maul ◽

Todd A. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Silt Loam Soil ◽

Loam Soil

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Pre-emergence herbicidal activity and persistence of 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol in relation to soil types

Plant Omics ◽

10.21475/poj.14.01.21.p3265 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 30-37

Author(s):

Norhafizah Md Zain ◽

Mazira Che Mat ◽

Chuah Tse Seng

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Application Rate ◽

Herbicidal Activity ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Soil Types ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Silt Loam Soil ◽

Loam Soil

Although 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) has demonstrated strong phytotoxic effect on various weedy plants in previous findings, research on its pre-emergence herbicidal activity in the soil is still scanty. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two soil types on pre-emergence herbicidal activity and persistence of 2,4-DTBP. The bioassay was carried out in a growth chamber where goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] seeds were sown in different rates of 2,4-DTBP in two soil series under sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditions. Bioassays of each treatment were conducted in four replicates and arranged in completely randomized design. 2,4-DTBP exhibited potent pre-emergence activity as a root inhibitor where it completely inhibited (100% inhibition) of the root growth of E. indica in sandy loam soil at an application rate of 6.14 kg ai/ha. 2,4-DTBP was rapidly detoxified in silt loam soil as a result of high microbial activity where it completely lost its phytotoxicity by giving 100% emergence within 10 weeks even it was applied at an application as high as 20.4 kg ai/ha. However, 2,4-DTBP remained highly phytotoxic in sandy loam soil where it reduced the root and shoot growth by 47 and 36%, respectively, throughout 10 weeks duration of the investigation. The presence of microbes in non-sterilized soil further suggest that soil microbes may modify the chemical structure of the 2,4-DTBP, which in turn decreased its toxicity. The high level of pre-emergence herbicidal activity in conjunction with its biodegradation in silt loam soil imply that 2,4-DTBP may have potential for development as a natural-soil applied herbicide

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