Dwarfing genes, water-use efficiency and agronomic performance of spring wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ehdaie ◽  
J. G. Waines
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Dwarfing Genes ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Use Efficiency

The Rht1 and Rht2 dwarfing genes have been used extensively to reduce height in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Rht3 gene is also a potent dwarfing gene. Information in the literature is limited or conflicting as to the comparative effects of these genes on water-use efficiency (WUE) and agronomic performance under different environments. Four near-isogenic lines, rhtrht, Rht1Rht1, Rht2Rht2, and Rht3Rht3 in Maringa and three, rhtrht, Rht2Rht2, and Rht3Rht3 in Nainan 60 bread wheat backgrounds were used to determine the effects of dwarfing genes on plant height, total dry matter (TDM) and its components, evapotranspiration efficiency (ETE, TDM/water evapotranspired), WUE (grain yield/water evapotranspired), and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in well-watered and droughted pot experiments in the glasshouse. The near-isogenic lines were also grown in well-watered and droughted field experiments. The dwarfing genes consistently reduced plant height and kernel weight in Maringa and Nainari 60 backgrounds under all environmental conditions. The dwarfing genes significantly increased number of spikes per plant in Nainari 60 background in the glasshouse and number of grains per plant in Maringa background under field conditions. In most cases, TDM or shoot dry matter (SDM) in short isogenic lines was significantly reduced. The reduction in grain yield was less than that of TDM or SDM. Therefore, harvest index was greater in short isogenic lines than their respective tall standard counterparts. The effects of the dwarfing genes on root dry matter were relatively small. The dwarfing genes, on average, depressed ETE by 21% and WUE by 15% only in Maringa background. Plant height was positively correlated with TDM and ETE but negatively so with Δ in glasshouse experiments. Grain yield and TDM were positively correlated with ETE. Δ was negatively associated with ETE, TDM, SDM, and grain yield under glasshouse conditions. Key words: Spring wheat, dwarfing genes, near-isogenic lines, water-use efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination

Water-use efficiency, photosynthetic characteristics, and high through-put phenotyping methods for soybean (glycine max) genotypes contrasting in carbon isotope discrimination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brett Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Sap Flow Sensors

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Drought is a huge concern for soybean growers across the world, and in the Midwestern US is the main limitation to grain yield. A way to protect against drought stress is for plants to use water more efficiently. Carbon isotope discrimination (CID) is a measured trait that is related to water-use efficiency (WUE), and can be used to screen genotypes for higher WUE. Several genotypes were studied in multiple greenhouse and field experiments with varying drought stress treatments. Genotypes exhibiting less CID were shown to have a higher WUE, and CID was related to WUE. The higher WUE genotypes also exhibited differences in photosynthetic traits, especially in their stomatal behavior to restrict water loss. In terms of grain yield, very few differences were observed between the genotypes. Thermal images to estimate canopy temperature and sap flow sensors to estimate field water use provided excellent insight into differences among watering treatments and genotypes for transpiration rates. This research demonstrates, that in soybean, CID can be used as a screening tool to select for higher WUE, and higher WUE is likely a result of increased stomatal restrictions to prevent water loss during periods of drought stress. However, these genotypes exhibiting less transpiration showed minimal, if any grain yield reduction. Further, whole field imaging can also be utilized to identify higher WUE genotypes, and sap flow sensors can be expected to estimate water use in the field. Both resulting in reduced labor and more efficient time use.

The effects of salt and boron on growth of wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Holloway ◽  
AM Alston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Warigal) was grown in a glasshouse in deep pots (0.125 x 0.125 x 1.2 m) containing sieved solonized brown soil (calcixerollic xerochrept) comprising 0.2 m sandy loam topsoil above 0.6 m treated calcareous sandy loam subsoil and a base layer of light clay 0.26 m thick. The subsoil was treated with a mixture of salts (0, 13, 39, 75 mmolc kg-1) and with boric acid (0, 20, 38 and 73 mg B kg-1) in factorial combination. The soil was initially watered to field capacity and water use was determined by regularly weighing the pots. The soil was allowed to dry gradually during the season, but the weights of the pots were not permitted to fall below that corresponding to 17% of the available water holding capacity of the soil. Tillering, dry weight of shoots and grain, and root length density were determined. Water-use efficiency was calculated with respect to total dry weight and grain production. Salt decreased tillering, dry matter production, grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight): it increased sodium and decreased boron concentrations in the plants. Boron decreased dry matter production (but not tillering), grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight and grain yield): it increased the concentrations of boron and decreased the concentration of sodium in the plants. At the concentrations of salt and boron used (which cover the range normally encountered in subsoils in much of Upper Eyre Peninsula), boron had more deleterious effects on wheat than did salt. Yield was depressed by salt at concentrations of sodium in the tissue commonly found in field-grown plants.

Relationships between carbon isotope discrimination, water use efficiency and transpiration efficiency for dryland wheat

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Condon ◽  
RA Richards ◽  
GD Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Carbon isotope discrimination (-) has been shown to be negatively correlated with water use efficiency for wheat cultivars grown in the glasshouse. In the field this negative correlation has been confirmed for peanut but it has yet to be confirmed for wheat. Indeed, several field studies on wheat have shown positive (rather than negative) relationships between dry matter production and -. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between - and water use efficiency for wheat grown in a dryland environment characterized by winterlspring-dominant rainfall and terminal drought. Eight genotypes chosen to give a range in - of c. 2.0x10-3 were grown on a red earth at Moombooldool in the Riverina region of New South Wales. Water use and above-ground dry matter (DM) were measured over the course of the season. Water use was partitioned into transpiration and soil evaporation and values of crop water use efficiency (WET) and transpiration efficiency ( WT) calculated. To account for the effect on WT of seasonal changes in the vapour pressure deficit of the air (D), crop coefficients (k) were derived by multiplying WT by the transpiration-weighted average daytime value of D for each genotype. During the preanthesis period, when there was little limitation of soil water supply on growth, there was a positive relationship between DM and -, as observed previously. The relationship between WET and - also had a positive (though non-significant) trend, but the relationship between k and - was negative, i.e. once the effects of variation in the ratio T/ET and seasonal changes in D were accounted for, the negative correlation between water use efficiency and - re-emerged. This apparent conflict between WET and k arose because genotypes with high - values developed their leaf area faster, with two important consequences. First, high - genotypes transpired more of their water supply during the winter when D was low and the exchange of water for CO2 more efficient. Second, transpiration made up a greater proportion of total water use by high - genotypes. The relationship between water use efficiency and - was further complicated as the crops depleted the soil water store after anthesis. During this period DM production tended to be greater in low - genotypes that had conserved soil water in the preanthesis period. However, DM production also remained high for two high - genotypes. The cause of this variation in post-anthesis growth among high - genotypes was not established.

scholarly journals Grain yield, biomass productivity and water use efficiency in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under drought stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalel Chakri Telahigue ◽  
Laila Ben Yahia ◽  
Fateh Aljane ◽  
Khaled Belhouchett ◽  
Lamjed Toumi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Five quinoa cultivars introduced from Egypte DRC (Desert Research Center-Caire) were tested in an experimental station in Tunisia located under arid climatic conditions. In order to test their adaptation to abiotic constraints; water requirements, yield (grain, dry matter) and water use efficiency (WUE) were correlated to three water stress: T100% of field capacity (T1), T60% of field capacity (T2) and T30% of field capacity (T3). Net irrigation water requirement was estimated using CROPWAT 8.0 software. The study aims to develop an irrigation scheduling for quinoa from January to Jun during 2015 season. The ET0 was between 1.08 mm/day and 4.95 mm/day and net irrigation water requirement was 287.2 mm. For grain yield, 1000 grains weight and dry matter production results show significant differences between cultivars and water stress. The seeds productivity of the five cultivars ranges between 2092.6kg/ha and 270kg/ha under full irrigation and it decreases to reach up 74% under T3 of field capacity stress in comparison with control stress. Similar results were shown for dry matter production. On refilling soil to field capacity with irrigation at critical depletion, 70% field efficiency was achieved which correspond to optimal condition, while adapting fixed interval per stage. For WUE, highest value of irrigation and total water use efficiency for both grain and dry matter  ​​were recorded to the T2 hydrous stress.

Divergent selection for carbon isotope discrimination in crested wheatgrass

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Read ◽  
K. H. Asay ◽  
D. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Selection For

Because plant growth on semiarid rangelands is frequently water-limited, breeding for enhanced water-use efficiency (WUE, kg dry matter gained per kg water transpired) should improve forage production on these areas. In crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes], variation for carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been negatively associated with WUE, suggesting that selection for lowered Δ would increase WUE. To determine the potential of altering Δ through breeding, we selected nine clones from a crested wheatgrass breeding population based on their Δ values, equally subdivided them into three groups (low, medium, and high Δ), and made a series of diallel crosses within each group. The parental clones and single-cross progenies were established in the field as replicated spaced plants on 1-m centers in spring 1989. Forage dry matter yield and Δ were determined in 1990 and 1991; leaf gas exchange traits were determined for low and high Δ classes in 1990, and for low, medium, and high Δ classes in 1991. The previous ranking of Δ classes was confirmed in the present studies. Combined across years, values for Δ, leaf CO2 exchange rate (CER), and stomatal conductance (gs) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the low than high Δ class. When data were combined across clones and progenies, Δ was negatively correlated with leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi, expressed as the CER/gs ratio) in 1990 (r = −0.87**, df = 14) and in 1991 (r = −0.83**, df = 23). Forage yield and Δ were not correlated, suggesting that the two traits may be under separate genetic control. Progenies from crosses among the low-Δ clones had significantly lower Δ values than progenies from either the medium-Δ or high-Δ clones during each year and when the data were combined across years. Divergent selection for low Δ also was reflected by improved WUEi in the subsequent generation. Moreover, narrow-sense heritability values for Δ were in excess of 0.75 and correlations between progeny means for Δ and means of the corresponding midparents were significant in each of the three analyses (r = 0.87** in 1990, 0.91** in 1991, and 0.92** in the combined analysis). These results complement earlier findings and confirm that genetic improvement for WUE can be effectively achieved in crested wheatgrass through indirect selection for Δ. Key words: Agropyron desertorum, water-use efficiency, parent-progeny correlations, drought, carbon isotope ratio, grass breeding, forage yield

Dry matter, harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiying Zhang ◽  
Suying Chen ◽  
Hongyong Sun ◽  
Dong Pei ◽  
Yanmei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Morphological plasticity of root growth under mild water stress increases water use efficiency without reducing yield in maize

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Cai ◽  
Yulong Zhang ◽  
Zhanxiang Sun ◽  
Jiaming Zheng ◽  
Wei Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Mild Water Stress

Abstract. There is a significant potential to increase yield of maize (Zea mays L.), a global major crop, in rain-fed condition in semi-arid regions, since the large yield gap is mainly caused by frequent droughts halfway the crop growing period due to uneven distribution of rainfall. It is questionable if irrigation systems are economically required in such a region since total amount of rainfall generally meet the crop requirement. This study therefore aimed to quantitatively determine the effects of water stress during jointing to filling stages on root and shoot growth and the consequences for maize grain yield, above- and below-ground dry matter, water uptake (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE). Pot experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 with a mobile rain shelter. The experiments consisted of three treatments: (1) no water stress; (2) mild water stress; and (3) severe water stress. Maize yield in mild water stress across two year was not significantly affected, while severe stress reduced yield by 56 %. Water stress decreased root biomass slightly but shoot biomass substantially. Mild water stress decreased root length but increased root diameter, resulting a no effect on root surface area. WU under water stress was decreased, while WUE for maize above-ground dry matter under mild water stress was increased by 20 % across all years, and 16 % for grain yield WUE. Our results demonstrates that irrigation systems in studied region might be not economically necessary because the mild water stress does not reduce crop yield. The study helps to understand crop responses to water stress during critical water-sensitive period and to mitigate drought risk in dry land agriculture.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document