scholarly journals Interspecific hybridization between diploid Fagopyrum esculentum and tetraploid F. homotropicum

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjie Wang ◽  
Rachael Scarth ◽  
Clayton Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Chromosome Elimination ◽  
Ploidy Levels

The wild diploid species Fagopyrum homotropicum (2n = 2x = 16) has been used for buckwheat improvement, but, prior to this study, the tetraploid form (2n = 4x = 32) had not been hybridized with the cultivated species F. esculentum. The objective of this study was to hybridize F. esculentum with tetraploid F. homotropicum to increase the genetic variability. Forty-one interspecific F1 hybrids were obtained through ovule rescue in vitro, with hybridity confirmed using morphological characters, chromosome numbers (2n = 3x = 24) and DNA analysis. The F1 plants were mainly sterile. However, seven seeds were set spontaneously on two hybrid plants, and a large number of seeds were obtained after colchicine treatment. The F2 plants were divided into two groups based on chromosome numbers and morphology. The first group was hexaploid plants (2n = 6x = 48) or hypohexaploid plants (2n = 44–46), partially fertile with “gigas” features including increased height, dark green leaves, and large seeds with thick seed hulls. The second group of plants was diploid (2n = 2x = 16) (one plant had 17 chromosomes), with normal growth and fertility, and a combination of characters from both parents, indicating that genetic recombination had occurred during chromosome elimination. The diploid group was superior to the hexaploid group for use in buckwheat breeding programs due to the desirable characters and the ease of crossing. This is the first report of interspecific hybridization using different ploidy levels in the Fagopyrum genus. Key words: Buckwheat (F. esculentum; F. homotropicum), interspecific hybridization, breeding, tetraploid, diploid, hexaploid, fertility

scholarly journals In vitro responses in Passiflora species with different chromosome numbers, ploidy levels and nuclear 2C values: revisiting and providing new insights

2018 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Torres Leite ◽  
Darley Aparecido Tavares Ferreira ◽  
Ariane Tonetto Vieira ◽  
Milene Miranda Praça-Fontes ◽  
Adésio Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Ploidy Levels

scholarly journals Determining Ploidy Level and Nuclear DNA Content in Rubus by Flow Cytometry

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rengong Meng ◽  
Chad Finn
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Dna Flow Cytometry ◽  
Ploidy Levels

Nuclear DNA flow cytometry was used to differentiate ploidy level and determine nuclear DNA content in Rubus. Nuclei suspensions were prepared from leaf discs of young leaves following published protocols with modifications. DNA was stained with propidium iodide. Measurement of fluorescence of 40 genotypes, whose published ploidy ranged from diploid to dodecaploid, indicated that fluorescence increased with an increase in chromosome number. Ploidy level accounted for 99% of the variation in fluorescence intensity (r2 = 0.99) and variation among ploidy levels was much higher than within ploidy levels. This protocol was used successfully for genotypes representing eight different Rubus subgenera. Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schldl., a native blackberry species in the Pacific Northwest, which has been reported to have 6x, 8x, 9x, 10x, 11x, and 12x forms, was extensively tested. Genotypes of R. ursinus were predominantly 12x, but 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 11x, and 13x forms were found as well. Attempts to confirm the 13x estimates with manual counts were unsuccessful. Ploidy level of 103 genotypes in the USDA-ARS breeding program was determined by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry confirmed that genotypes from crosses among 7x and 4x parents had chromosome numbers that must be the result of nonreduced gametes. This technique was effective in differentiating chromosome numbers differing by 1x, but was not able to differentiate aneuploids. Nuclear DNA contents of 21 diploid Rubus species from five subgenera were determined by flow cytometry. Idaeobatus, Chamaebatus, and Anaplobatus were significantly lower in DNA content than those of Rubus and Cylactis. In the Rubus subgenus, R. hispidus and R. canadensis had the lowest DNA content and R. sanctus had the highest DNA content, 0.59 and 0.75 pg, respectively. Idaeobatus had greater variation in DNA content among diploid species than the Rubus subgenus, with the highest being from R. ellipticus (0.69 pg) and lowest from R. illecebrosus (0.47 pg).

scholarly journals Chromosome numbers of some species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) in Java, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2118-2126
Author(s):  
TITIEN NGATINEM PRAPTOSUWIRYO ◽  
MUGI MUMPUNI
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Pteris Multifida

Praptosuwiryo TNg, Mumpuni M. 2018. Chromosome numbers of some species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2118-2126. Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) is a large fern genus consisting of about 250 species which distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical countries. The genus grows in a diversity of ecosystems, either terrestrially or lithophytically, although most species occur in the forest. A study of the cytology of Pteris in Java is being undertaken for the conceptual understanding of the interrelationships between various fern species in the Malesian region. This aims of our study are: (1) to observe somatic chromosome number of some species of Pteris in Java; (2) to determine the reproduction types of the observed species by counting the spore number per sporangium; (3) to discuss polyploidy in the species in relation to plant morphological variation across their geographical distribution. Chromosome counts for eight species are reported. Pteris biaurita is an apogamous diploid species (2n = 58). Pteris ensiformis var. ensiformis has chromosome numbers of 2n = 87 (apogamous triploid) and 2n = 116 (sexual tetraploid), while                 P. ensiformis var. victoriae has a chromosome number 2n = 58 and is a sexual diploid. Pteris fauriei is an apogamous triploid species (2n = 87). Pteris longipinnula has a chromosome number of 2n = 116 (tetraploid). Pteris multifida and P. vittata are sexual tetraploids (2n=116). Pteris tripartita has two ploidy levels (sexual diploid and tetraploid). Another currently unplaced Javanese Pteris sp. has 2n = 87 (apogamous triploid). Diploid P. biaurita, tetraploid P. ensiformis, triploid P. fauriei, diploid P. tripartita, and teraploid P. vittata are new record cytotypes for Central Java. Polyploidy in the genus in relation to plant morphological variation across its geographical range is discussed.

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF THE EDELWEISS,LEONTOPODIUM(ASTERACEAE, COMPOSITAE – GNAPHALIEAE)

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Stille ◽  
M. Jaeger ◽  
W. B. Dickoré ◽  
K. Ehlers ◽  
S. I. J. Holzhauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Far East ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Radiation Process ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Centre Of Diversity ◽  
Vigorous Growth

The genusLeontopodium(Pers.) R.Br. (Asteraceae, Compositae) is economically important for both pharmaceutical and horticultural purposes. This importance, however, has not led to a good understanding of species coherence and the delimitation of species. One fundamental aspect of a good understanding of a species is how many chromosomes it has and any possible indication of polyploidy. Here we present somatic chromosome numbers for 16Leontopodiumspecies, of which six are new for science. The results indicate basic chromosome numbers ofx= 6, 8, 9 and 11, withx= 8 being most frequent among the species examined. While obviously including several distantly related lineages, thex= 8 species have distributions that are concentrated in the centre of diversity of the genus in southwest China. We identified two ‘species-pairs’ (Leontopodium dedekensii–L. sinenseandL. souliei–L. calocephalum) in which the tetraploid species has more vigorous growth, but is confined geographically to the centre of diversity. The diploid species ascend to generally higher elevations and extend more towards the Tibetan Plateau. In contrast, our data also suggest range expansions in other polyploid species, such as the hexaploidLeontopodium ochroleucumextending into the mountains of Central Asia. Deviations fromx= 8 are found at the edges of the wide Eurasian distribution of the genus. These may relate to subsequent range expansions into the Himalayas, northern Asia, the Far East, and a far disjunctive expansion to the mountains of Europe. This implies an increased ability of these species to colonise mountain floras and adapt to different environmental conditions. Thus, formation of higher ploidy levels in general might be significant for a successful radiation process.

scholarly journals Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Bors ◽  
J.A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
North American ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Strong Potential ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
Bridge Species

The potential of using Fragaria vesca L. as a bridge species for interspecific hybridization to F. nilgerrensis Schlect, F. nubicola Lindl., F. pentaphylla Losinsk, and F. viridis Duch. was investigated using a wide germplasm base of 40 F. vesca accessions. This study was successful in producing many hybrids between F. vesca and other diploid species indicating its value as a bridge species. Of the species used as males, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis accessions were more successful, averaging 8 to 16 fruit and 16 to 25 seeds/fruit. It was most difficult to obtain hybrids with F. nilgerrensis, which had only three seeds per fruit. Differences among pollen donors were minimal when hybrid seeds were germinated in vitro. For different species combinations, 75% to 99% of seeds had embryos and 77% to 89% of these embryos germinated. The lack of significant differences in crossability variables among the four F. vesca subspecies [i.e., ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt, ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt, ssp. vesca L., and ssp. vesca var. semper-florens L.] demonstrated the similarity between these species and the strong potential for gene flow between F. vesca and other diploid species. As European and North American F. vesca subspecies are not sufficiently divergent to differ in interspecific hybridization, F. vesca may be a younger species rather than an older progenitor species.

scholarly journals Amphidiploid Induction from Diploid Rose Interspecific Hybrids

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
David H. Byrne ◽  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Shoot Culture ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Diplocarpon Rosae ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Colchicine Solution

A high priority in rose (Rosa spp.) breeding research is the transfer of disease resistance, especially to black spot (Diplocarpon rosae Lib.), from wild diploid Rosa species to modern rose cultivars. To this end, amphidiploids (2n = 4x = 28) were induced with colchicine from five interspecific diploid (2n = 2x = 14) hybrids involving the black spot resistant diploid species R. wichuraiana Crép, R. roxburghii Thratt., R. banksiae Ait., R. rugosa rubra Hort., and R. setigera Michaux. Two application procedures (agitation of excised nodes in colchicine solution or tissue culture of shoots on medium with colchicine), five colchicine concentrations (0.0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.76, and 5.01 mmol), and five durations (2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 d) were used. After colchicine treatment, the materials were cultured in vitro and the surviving explants were examined for the “gigas” characteristics typical of doubled diploids. Chromosome counts of morphologically suspect genotypes confirmed 15 amphidiploids among 1109 plants that survived colchicine treatment. Although the effect of colchicine treatment varied some among interspecific hybrids, 2.50 mmol for 48 h of node agitation or 1.25 mmol for at least 5 d of shoot culture were optimal.

scholarly journals Colchicine-induced Amphidiploids of Rose Interspecific Hybrids

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 778A-778
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
David H. Byrne ◽  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Rose Breeding ◽  
Colchicine Solution ◽  
Ploidy Chimeras

An objective of our rose breeding research is to transfer resistance to blackspot and other diseases from wild diploid species to modern rose cultivars. Interspecific hybrids among blackspot-resistant diploid species were chosen for chromosome doubling to produce fertile amphidiploids that could be hybridized to the tetraploid commercial germplasm. Five such F1 interspecific hybrids were treated with colchicine. The study included two different application procedures (shake in colchicine solution or colchicine in media), four colchicine concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.20%), and five treatment periods (1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 days). After colchicine treatment, all the materials were cultured in vitro. One thousand-thirty-seven surviving explants were selected for typical “gigas” characteristics of doubled diploids. Chromosome counts on shoot tips of these selected genotypes confirmed 15 amphidiploids. The best colchicine treatment varied among the interspecific hybrids. Higher colchicine concentrations or duration reduced growth rating, rooting, and percent survival. The recognition of amphiploids and ploidy chimeras from young seedlings will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Regeneration of plant winter garlic in vitro after colchicine treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
Valery S. Romanov ◽  
Olga V. Romanova ◽  
Lyubov I. Gerasimova ◽  
Timofey M. Seredin ◽  
Natalia A. Shmykova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Colchicine Solution ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Selection Of

Relevance. The genetic diversity of winter garlic depends entirely on the natural selection of the best and highest-yielding clones. In unfavorable abiotic factors, physiological and biochemical properties allow polyploidy plants to have greater tolerance and viability than diploid species. Obtaining the source material based on polyploidy in winter garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the important alternative approaches to genetic improvement of this crop.Methods. From air garlic bulbs, plants were grown through in vitro culture. Pre-air bulbs were treated with 0.1% colchicine solution for 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours. Shoots and roots were regenerated by cultivating explants for 1/2 MS, with 3 mg / l 6-BAP and 0.1 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid and cultured in light with an intensity of 5–8 ths. LC and a photoperiod of 18 hours. Treatment of air bulbs with 0.1% colchicine solution made it possible to obtain winter garlic plants using in vitro culture.Results. In the end, we were not able to get flowering forms from garlic using the polyploidization method. But, thanks to the cultivation of winter garlic in vitro, it became possible to accelerate the selection process by obtaining one generation per year “from clove to clove”. When working on obtaining polyploidy forms, more than one variety should be used, since the reaction of varieties to colchicine treatment is ambiguous, as is their reaction to growing conditions and survival. The most responsive for obtaining plants in vitro culture was the Yubileyny Gribovsky variety.

scholarly journals Oryzalin-induced Chromosome Doubling in Buddleja to Facilitate Interspecific Hybridization

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce L. Dunn ◽  
Jon T. Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Ploidy Levels

A protocol for producing fertile tetraploid forms of the hybrid Buddleja madagascarensis Lam. × B. crispa Benth. would enable introgression of orange flower, pubescence, and nondehiscent fruit characteristics found in section Nicodemia (Tenore) Leeuw. into B. davidii Franchet section Buddleja. Excised nodal sections of a single sterile diploid selection from that cross were treated in vitro with 3, 5, or 7 μm oryzalin concentrations for 1, 2, or 3 days or were left as an untreated control. A population of plants was generated from these cultures and transferred to the greenhouse. Treated plants were initially screened phenotypically for higher ploidy levels on the basis of stem thickness and leaf size. Those selected based on polyploidy characteristics were subjected to cytometric analysis, confirming that six tetraploid plants were generated. Nodal survival rates were dependent on oryzalin concentration and treatment duration. Significant increases in fertility accompanied polyploidy induction, because crosses between the newly developed tetraploids and B. davidii cultivars produced viable fertile plants. Chemical name used: 3,5-dinitro-N 4,N 4-dipropylsulfanilamide (oryzalin).

Methods of experimental polyploidization and their use in apple breeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
L. V. Tashmatova ◽  
O. V. Matsneva ◽  
T. M. Khromova ◽  
V. V. Shakhov
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Diploid Gametes

The article presents methods of experimental polyploidy of fruit, berry and ornamental plants. The purpose of this review is to highlight the problems and prospects of polyploidization of plants in the open ground and in vitro culture and the possibility of their application for apple trees. For the purpose of obtaining apple tetraploids as donors of diploid gametes, seed seedlings were treated with a solution of colchicine in concentrations of 0.1-0.4 % for 24 and 48 hours. Colchicine concentrations of 0.3 % and 0.4 % at 48 hours of treatment had a detrimental eff ect on their development. As a result, tetraploids and chimeras were obtained from seeds from free pollination of the varieties Orlik, Svezhest, Kandil Orlovsky, as well as from seeds obtained from crossing the varieties Svezhest×Bolotovskoe, Moskovskoe Оzherel’e×Imrus, Girlyanda×Venyaminovskoe. The optimal concentration of colchicine was 0.1 %. Methods of colchicine treatment have been studied: 1) adding to the nutrient medium, colchicine concentration: 0.01%, 0.02%, exposure time 24h-19 days; 2) applying amitotic solution to the growth point, colchicine concentration: 0.1 %, 0.2 %, exposure time 24h-7 days. To increase the penetration of colchicine through the cell walls, a 0.1 % dimexide solution was used. Studies have shown that high concentrations and prolonged exposure to colchicine reduce the viability of explants.

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