scholarly journals Influence of High Crystalline Amino Acid Inclusion on Poultry Diet Formulation and Pellet Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara M. Dunmire ◽  
Courtney N. Truelock ◽  
Jason Lee ◽  
Keith Haydon ◽  
Charles R. Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Diet Formulation

4.1 The Nitrogen Needs of Ruminants

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Degradable Protein

The organizers of this symposium invited me to review factors which influence the N needs of ruminants. Such a request seems to imply that, for each class of ruminant, e.g. cattle or sheep, growing or lactating, there is a definitive N or amino acid requirement. If this is known, then diets may be formulated to provide that amount of N or amino acid and the expected level of production should be achieved. As a corollary of this approach, the determination of the nutritional characteristics of the diet, its metabolizable energy (ME), rumen degradable protein (RDP) or undegraded protein (UDP), appears to be a separate issue. While such a simplistic view has advantages for ease of diet formulation, it is unlikely to be entirely correct. In general, animal responses to increasing nutrient supply are curvilinear and do not show sharp break points defining a minimum amount of nutrient to give maximum production. Secondly, animal responses are not independent of diet and, conversely, the energy and protein values of the diet depend on the physiological state of the animal, e.g. the level of food intake influences rate of passage of digesta, the extent and site of digestion and the form of metabolites absorbed.

114 Evaluation of Extrusion Processing Method and Protein Source on Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Author(s):  
Clare Hsu ◽  
Gary Davenport ◽  
Galen Rokey ◽  
Maria R de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Diet Sample ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Twin Screw

Abstract While the majority of dry complete and balanced foods for pet animals are extruded, the interaction between ingredient matrix and processing methods and stages are poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how the use of plant-based and poultry-based proteins processed under different extrusion condition may affect amino acid digestibility in extruded canine diets using a rooster model. Eight diet formulas were made using chicken (CK), chicken byproduct meal (CM), yellow pea (YP), green lentil (GL), and garbanzo bean (GB) as the primary protein sources. These diets were extruded through a single-screw and a twin-screw extruder. Food samples were collected at various stages of processing (i.e., raw, and after preconditioner, extruder, drier, and coating). Four cecectomized single-comb White Leghorn roosters were used for each diet sample. The roosters were fasted for 26 h and then fed with the treatment diets. The excreta were collected 48 h after feeding. Freeze dried excreta were used to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility (SAAD). For all essential amino acids, a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between diet and processing method was observed. The SAAD of arginine, tryptophan, and methionine were greater than 80% for all diets collected at the end of the extruder. The CK diet supplemented with synthetic taurine and processed through twin-extrusion had 70% to 80% SAAD of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Overall, twin-screw extrusion resulted in lower SAAD for all essential amino acids (P < 0.05), except for isoleucine and valine. However, the differences were smaller than 2.5%, and therefore may not negatively impact diet formulation and final product nutrient composition or guaranteed analysis. In addition, the extruded canine diets made with plant-based protein did not have lower amino acid digestibility than those made with animal-based protein.

8.4 The Effect of the Quantity and Composition of Ruminally Degraded Nitrogen on Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis and Diet Formulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
B. R. Cottrill ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Present Scheme ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

Recent proposals (ARC, 1980) have clearly identified the need to supply adequate ruminally degradarle nitrogen (RDN) if rumen microbial protein yields are to be optimized and they provide a basis on which the required quantities of RDN can be calculated. However, apart from the suggestion that urea is used with only 80% of the efficiency of degraded protein N as a source of RDN in the synthesis of microbial protein, the present scheme fails to qualify the RDN composition (i.e. protein N (PN) vs. NPN) most likely to promote optimal microbial synthesis.Cottrill, Beever and Osbourn (1982) examined the isonitrogenous supplementation of maize silage fed to growing calves with four different NPN:PN ratios in the supplement and showed a 29% increase in total duodenal amino acid (DAA) flow at the first increment of PN (fish meal). Of this increase, almost 87% could be accounted for by an increased duodenal microbial protein (DMP) flow. Higher levels of PN inclusion did not promote any further increases in DAA, despite increases in undegraded dietary protein (UDP) flow, due to a significant reduction in DMP flow. From these data, a further examination of total RDN supply and its composition in relation to MP synthesis was undertaken and the results are presented in this paper.

The effect of moderate amino acid excesses on the food intake and growth rate of growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
S. Langer ◽  
M.F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Gain

Food intake is one of the most important factors governing animal performance. Amongst the dietary variables that affect food intake, both deficiencies and excesses of protein and amino acids are known to be important. Moreover, excesses of certain amino acids may alter protein utilisation and consequently animal performance. Although large amino acid excesses have been shown in various experiments to alter food intake of weanling or growing pigs (Baker, 1993) the effects of the moderate amino acid excesses that may arise in normal diet formulation have been little studied. The objective of this experiment was to study if a 100% excess of single amino acids in a diet with an 'ideally' balanced amino acid pattern could alter daily food intake, average daily gain or food conversion ratio in growing pigs. The excesses used were relatively small to investigate the effect of excess within the range that might be found in practice.

Effect of diet formulation using apparent faecal and ileal amino acid digestibility of heated fish meals on pig performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
S. Jagger ◽  
J. Wiseman ◽  
D.J.A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Pig Performance

In general apparent ileal digestibility values of amino acids are lower than apparent faecal digestibility values (Just, 1980) and since nitrogen entering the large intestine may not be utilised by the pig (Zebrowska, 1973) apparent ileal digestibility values should offer a better estimation of the nutritive value of dietary protein. However, for this to be confirmed it must be demonstrated that such values when used in diet formulation are more accurate predictors of pig performance. Therefore, a trial was conducted to examine whether the detrimental effect of heat treated fish meal on pig performance could be reduced by formulating diets based upon either apparent faecal or ileal amino acid digestibility values.

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