Normality and the Higher Numerical Range

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Marcus ◽  
Benjamin N. Moyls ◽  
Ivan Filippenko
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Numerical Range ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Complex Matrices ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Square Complex

Let Mn(C) be the vector space of all w-square complex matrices. Denote by (• , •) the standard inner product in the space C n of complex n-tuples. For a matrix A ∈ Mn(C) and an n-tuple c = (c1,… , cn) ∈ C n, define the c-numerical range of A to be the set

On structure theory of pre-Hilbert algebras

2009 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Cuenca Mira
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Associative Algebra ◽  
Real Vector Space ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Classical Theorem ◽  
Real Vector ◽  
Algebraic Identity ◽  
Hilbert Algebras

Let A be a real (non-associative) algebra which is normed as real vector space, with a norm ‖·‖ deriving from an inner product and satisfying ‖ac‖ ≤ ‖a‖‖c‖ for any a,c ∈ A. We prove that if the algebraic identity (a((ac)a))a = (a2c)a2 holds in A, then the existence of an idempotent e such that ‖e‖ = 1 and ‖ea‖ = ‖a‖ = ‖ae‖, a ∈ A, implies that A is isometrically isomorphic to ℝ, ℂ, ℍ, $\mathbb{O}$,\, $\stackrel{\raisebox{4.5pt}[0pt][0pt]{\fontsize{4pt}{4pt}\selectfont$\star$}}{\smash{\CC}}$,\, $\stackrel{\raisebox{4.5pt}[0pt][0pt]{\fontsize{4pt}{4pt}\selectfont$\star$}}{\smash{\mathbb{H}}}$,\, $\stackrel{\raisebox{4.5pt}[0pt][0pt]{\fontsize{4pt}{4pt}\selectfont$\star$}}{\smash{\mathbb{O}}}$ or ℙ. This is a non-associative extension of a classical theorem by Ingelstam. Finally, we give some applications of our main result.

ON THE HYPERSTABILITY OF A PEXIDERISED -QUADRATIC FUNCTIONAL EQUATION ON SEMIGROUPS

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
IZ-IDDINE EL-FASSI ◽  
JANUSZ BRZDĘK
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Commutative Semigroup ◽  
Quadratic Functional Equation ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Quadratic Functional ◽  
Ulam Stability ◽  
Product Spaces ◽  
Inner Product Spaces ◽  
Image Position

Motivated by the notion of Ulam stability, we investigate some inequalities connected with the functional equation $$\begin{eqnarray}f(xy)+f(x\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(y))=2f(x)+h(y),\quad x,y\in G,\end{eqnarray}$$ for functions $f$ and $h$ mapping a semigroup $(G,\cdot )$ into a commutative semigroup $(E,+)$, where the map $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}:G\rightarrow G$ is an endomorphism of $G$ with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(x))=x$ for all $x\in G$. We derive from these results some characterisations of inner product spaces. We also obtain a description of solutions to the equation and hyperstability results for the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$-quadratic and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$-Drygas equations.

Gocommutative Hopf Algebras

1967 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 350-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Hopf Algebra ◽  
Vector Space ◽  
Hopf Algebras ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Algebra Homomorphisms

A coalgebra over the field F is a vector space A over F, with maps δ: A → A ⊗ A and ∊: A → F such that1and2The notion of coalgebra is dual to the notion of algebra with unit, with δ as coproduct (equation (1) says that δ is associative) and ∊ as the unit map (equation (2) is just the statement that ∊ is a unit for the coproduct δ). If A is also an algebra with unit and δ and ∊ are algebra homomorphisms, A is a Hopf algebra.

Rational Tensor Representations of Hom(V, V) and an Extension of an Inequality of I. Schur.

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Marcus ◽  
William Robert Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Tensor Product ◽  
Vector Space ◽  
Linear Operators ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Dimensional Vector ◽  
Semi Group ◽  
Rational Representation ◽  
Dimensional Vector Space ◽  
Tensor Representations

Let V be an n-dimensional vector space over the complex numbers equipped with an inner product (x, y), and let (P, μ) be a symmetry class in the mth tensor product of V associated with a permutation group G and a character χ (see below). Then for each T ∊ Hom (V, V) the function φ which sends each m-tuple (v1, … , vm) of elements of V to the tensor μ(TV1, … , Tvm) is symmetric with respect to G and x, and so there is a unique linear map K(T) from P to P such that φ = K(T)μ.It is easily checked that K: Hom(V, V) → Hom(P, P) is a rational representation of the multiplicative semi-group in Hom(V, V): for any two linear operators S and T on VK(ST) = K(S)K(T).Moreover, if T is normal then, with respect to the inner product induced on P by the inner product on V (see below), K(T) is normal.

Eigenvalues of the Curvature Operator for Certain Homogeneous Manifolds

1990 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-999
Author(s):  
J. E. D'Atri ◽  
I. Dotti Miatello
Keyword(s):  
Riemannian Manifold ◽  
Tangent Space ◽  
Orthonormal Basis ◽  
Riemann Tensor ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Curvature Operator ◽  
Curvature Function ◽  
Homogeneous Manifolds ◽  
Exterior Power ◽  
Image Position

Given a Riemannian manifold M, the Riemann tensor R induces the curvature operator on the exterior power of the tangent space, defined by the formula where the inner product is defined by From the symmetries of R, it follows that ρ is self-adjoint and so has only real eigenvalues. R also induces the sectional curvature function K on 2-planes in is an orthonormal basis of the 2-plane π.

Nonzero Symmetry Classes of Smallest Dimension

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Chan ◽  
M. H. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Linear Mapping ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Dimensional Vector ◽  
Complex Character ◽  
Tensor Power ◽  
Dimensional Vector Space ◽  
Symmetry Classes ◽  
Image Position

Let U be a k-dimensional vector space over the complex numbers. Let ⊗m U denote the mth tensor power of U where m ≧ 2. For each permutation σ in the symmetric group Sm, there exists a linear mapping P(σ) on ⊗mU such thatfor all x1, …, xm in U.Let G be a subgroup of Sm and λ an irreducible (complex) character on G. The symmetrizeris a projection of ⊗ mU. Its range is denoted by Uλm(G) or simply Uλ(G) and is called the symmetry class of tensors corresponding to G and λ.

scholarly journals The Fixed Point Method for Fuzzy Approximation of a Functional Equation Associated with Inner Product Spaces

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eshaghi Gordji ◽  
H. Khodaei
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Vector Space ◽  
Fixed Point Method ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Product Spaces ◽  
Real Vector ◽  
Fixed Integer ◽  
Inner Product Spaces ◽  
Fuzzy Approximation

Th. M. Rassias (1984) proved that the norm defined over a real vector space is induced by an inner product if and only if for a fixed integer holds for all The aim of this paper is to extend the applications of the fixed point alternative method to provide a fuzzy stability for the functional equation which is said to be a functional equation associated with inner product spaces.

scholarly journals Some convexity theorems for matrices

1971 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Fillmore ◽  
J. P. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Linear Operator ◽  
Operator Theory ◽  
Bounded Linear Operator ◽  
Numerical Range ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Bounded Linear ◽  
Image Position

The numerical range of a bounded linear operator A on a complex Hilbertspace H is the set W(A) = {(Af, f): ║f║ = 1}. Because it is convex andits closure contains the spectrum of A, the numerical range is often a useful toolin operator theory. However, even when H is two-dimensional, the numerical range of an operator can be large relative to its spectrum, so that knowledge of W(A) generally permits only crude information about A. P. R. Halmos [2] has suggested a refinement of the notion of numerical range by introducing the k-numerical rangesfor k = 1, 2, 3, …. It is clear that W1(A) = W(A). C. A. Berger [2] has shown that Wk(A) is convex.

THE REGULAR PART OF A SEMIGROUP OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS WITH RESTRICTED RANGE

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
WORACHEAD SOMMANEE ◽  
KRITSADA SANGKHANAN
Keyword(s):  
Finite Field ◽  
Vector Space ◽  
Dimensional Subspace ◽  
Finite Dimensional Subspace ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Linear Transformations ◽  
Dimensional Vector Space ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Idempotent Rank ◽  
Image Position

Let$V$be a vector space and let$T(V)$denote the semigroup (under composition) of all linear transformations from$V$into$V$. For a fixed subspace$W$of$V$, let$T(V,W)$be the semigroup consisting of all linear transformations from$V$into$W$. In 2008, Sullivan [‘Semigroups of linear transformations with restricted range’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.77(3) (2008), 441–453] proved that$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle Q=\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in T(V,W):V\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\subseteq W\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\} & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$is the largest regular subsemigroup of$T(V,W)$and characterized Green’s relations on$T(V,W)$. In this paper, we determine all the maximal regular subsemigroups of$Q$when$W$is a finite-dimensional subspace of$V$over a finite field. Moreover, we compute the rank and idempotent rank of$Q$when$W$is an$n$-dimensional subspace of an$m$-dimensional vector space$V$over a finite field$F$.

scholarly journals NUMERICAL RANGE AND POSITIVE BLOCK MATRICES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
JEAN-CHRISTOPHE BOURIN ◽  
EUN-YOUNG LEE
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Range ◽  
Diagonal Block ◽  
Partial Trace ◽  
Full Matrix ◽  
Block Matrices ◽  
Positive Matrices ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Image Position

We obtain several norm and eigenvalue inequalities for positive matrices partitioned into four blocks. The results involve the numerical range $W(X)$ of the off-diagonal block $X$ , especially the distance $d$ from $0$ to $W(X)$ . A special consequence is an estimate, $$\begin{eqnarray}\text{diam}\,W\left(\left[\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A & X\\ X^{\ast } & B\end{array}\right]\right)-\text{diam}\,W\biggl(\frac{A+B}{2}\biggr)\geq 2d,\end{eqnarray}$$ between the diameters of the numerical ranges for the full matrix and its partial trace.

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