Nilpotent Ideals in Alternative Rings

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rich
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Associative Ring ◽  
Analogous Result ◽  
Alternative Ring ◽  
Locally Nilpotent ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Ideal

It is well known and immediate that in an associative ring a nilpotent one-sided ideal generates a nilpotent two-sided ideal. The corresponding open question for alternative rings was raised by M. Slater [6, p. 476]. Hitherto the question has been answered only in the case of a trivial one-sided ideal J (i.e., in case J2 = 0) [5]. In this note we solve the question in its entirety by showing that a nilpotent one-sided ideal K of an alternative ring generates a nilpotent two-sided ideal. In the process we find an upper bound for the index of nilpotency of the ideal generated. The main theorem provides another proof of the fact that a semiprime alternative ring contains no nilpotent one-sided ideals. Finally we note the analogous result for locally nilpotent one-sided ideals.

scholarly journals A Viable Approach to Mitigating Irreproducibility

Stats ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-215
Author(s):  
David Trafimow ◽  
Tonghui Wang ◽  
Cong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Practical Problem ◽  
The Real ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Real Universe ◽  
The Ideal

In a recent article, Trafimow suggested the usefulness of imagining an ideal universe where the only difference between original and replication experiments is the operation of randomness. This contrasts with replication in the real universe where systematicity, as well as randomness, creates differences between original and replication experiments. Although Trafimow showed (a) that the probability of replication in the ideal universe places an upper bound on the probability of replication in the real universe, and (b) how to calculate the probability of replication in the ideal universe, the conception is afflicted with an important practical problem. Too many participants are needed to render the approach palatable to most researchers. The present aim is to address this problem. Embracing skewness is an important part of the solution.

scholarly journals On the Determinant Problem for the Relativistic Boltzmann Equation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Chapman ◽  
Jin Woo Jang ◽  
Robert M. Strain
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Jacobian Determinant ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Relativistic Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Relativistic Analog ◽  
Relativistic Collision ◽  
Pointwise Limit ◽  
Open Question

AbstractThis article considers a long-outstanding open question regarding the Jacobian determinant for the relativistic Boltzmann equation in the center-of-momentum coordinates. For the Newtonian Boltzmann equation, the center-of-momentum coordinates have played a large role in the study of the Newtonian non-cutoff Boltzmann equation, in particular we mention the widely used cancellation lemma [1]. In this article we calculate specifically the very complicated Jacobian determinant, in ten variables, for the relativistic collision map from the momentum p to the post collisional momentum $$p'$$ p ′ ; specifically we calculate the determinant for $$p\mapsto u = \theta p'+\left( 1-\theta \right) p$$ p ↦ u = θ p ′ + 1 - θ p for $$\theta \in [0,1]$$ θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] . Afterwards we give an upper-bound for this determinant that has no singularity in both p and q variables. Next we give an example where we prove that the Jacobian goes to zero in a specific pointwise limit. We further explain the results of our numerical study which shows that the Jacobian determinant has a very large number of distinct points at which it is machine zero. This generalizes the work of Glassey-Strauss (1991) [8] and Guo-Strain (2012) [12]. These conclusions make it difficult to envision a direct relativistic analog of the Newtonian cancellation lemma in the center-of-momentum coordinates.

scholarly journals RIGHT NUCLEUS IN GENERALIZED RIGHT ALTERNATIVE RINGS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jayalakshmi ◽  
S. Madhavi Latha
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Algebra ◽  
Finitely Generated ◽  
Alternative Ring ◽  
Locally Nilpotent ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Alternative Ring

Some properties of the right nucleus in generalized right alternative rings have been presented in this paper. In a generalized right alternative ring R which is finitely generated or free of locally nilpotent ideals, the right nucleus Nr equals the center C. Also, if R is prime and Nr ¹ C, then the associator ideal of R is locally nilpotent. Seong Nam [5] studied the properties of the right nucleus in right alternative algebra. He showed that if R is a prime right alternative algebra of char. ≠ 2 and Right nucleus Nr is not equal to the center C, then the associator ideal of R is locally nilpotent. But the problem arises when it come with the study of generalized right alternative ring as the ring dose not absorb the right alternative identity. In this paper we consider our ring to be generalized right alternative ring and try to prove the results of Seong Nam [5]. At the end of this paper we give an example to show that the generalized right alternative ring is not right alternative.

scholarly journals Some properties of the Levitzki radical in alternative rings

1982 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rich
Keyword(s):  
Nilpotent Ideal ◽  
Finitely Generated ◽  
Alternative Ring ◽  
Locally Nilpotent ◽  
Torsion Free

AbstractTwo local nilpotent properties of an associative or alternative ringAcontaining an idempotent are shown. First, ifA=A11+A10+A01+A00is the Peirce decomposition ofArelative toethen ifais associative or semiprime alternative and 3-torsion free then any locally nilpotent idealBofAiigenerates a locally nilpotent ideal 〈B〉 ofA. As a consequenceL(Aii) =Aii∩L(A)for the Levitzki radicalL. Also bounds are given for the index of nilpotency of any finitely generated subring of 〈B〉. Second, ifA(x)denotes a homotope ofAthenL(A)⊆L(A(x))and, in particular, ifA(x)is an isotope ofAthenL(A)=L(A(x)).

scholarly journals An extension of the Kegel–Wielandt theorem to locally finite groups

1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Silvana Franciosi ◽  
Francesco de Giovanni ◽  
Yaroslav P. Sysak
Keyword(s):  
Finite Group ◽  
Affirmative Answer ◽  
Locally Finite Group ◽  
Linear Groups ◽  
Arbitrary Group ◽  
Famous Theorem ◽  
Locally Finite ◽  
Locally Nilpotent ◽  
Finite Products ◽  
Open Question

A famous theorem of Kegel and Wielandt states that every finite group which is the product of two nilpotent subgroups is soluble (see [1], Theorem 2.4.3). On the other hand, it is an open question whether an arbitrary group factorized by two nilpotent subgroups satisfies some solubility condition, and only a few partial results are known on this subject. In particular, Kegel [6] obtained an affirmative answer in the case of linear groups, and in the same article he also proved that every locally finite group which is the product of two locally nilpotent FC-subgroups is locally soluble. Recall that a group G is said to be an FC-group if every element of G has only finitely many conjugates. Moreover, Kazarin [5] showed that if the locally finite group G = AB is factorized by an abelian subgroup A and a locally nilpotent subgroup B, then G is locally soluble. The aim of this article is to prove the following extension of the Kegel–Wielandt theorem to locally finite products of hypercentral groups.

scholarly journals Ideals in simple rings

1978 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-327
Author(s):  
W. Harold Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Associative Ring ◽  
Alternative Ring ◽  
Cayley Algebra ◽  
Characteristic 3 ◽  
Associative Rings ◽  
Algebra Over A Field

AbstractIn this article, we define the concept of a Malcev ideal in an alternative ring in a manner analogous to Lie ideals in associative rings. By using a result of Kleinfield's we show that a nonassociative alternative ring of characteristic not 2 or 3 is a ring sum of Malcev ideals Z and [R, R] where Z is the center of R and [R, R] is a simple non-Lie Malcev ideal of R. If R is a Cayley algebra over a field F of characteristic 3 then [R, R] is a simple 7 dimensional Lie algebra. A similar result is obtained if R is a simple associative ring.

scholarly journals Sparse Highly Connected Spanning Subgraphs in Dense Directed Graphs

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONG YEAP KANG
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Analogous Result ◽  
Undirected Graph ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Additional Term ◽  
Spanning Subgraphs ◽  
Spanning Subgraph ◽  
Polynomial Time Algorithms ◽  
Bipartite Digraph

Mader proved that every strongly k-connected n-vertex digraph contains a strongly k-connected spanning subgraph with at most 2kn - 2k2 edges, where equality holds for the complete bipartite digraph DKk,n-k. For dense strongly k-connected digraphs, this upper bound can be significantly improved. More precisely, we prove that every strongly k-connected n-vertex digraph D contains a strongly k-connected spanning subgraph with at most kn + 800k(k + Δ(D)) edges, where Δ(D) denotes the maximum degree of the complement of the underlying undirected graph of a digraph D. Here, the additional term 800k(k + Δ(D)) is tight up to multiplicative and additive constants. As a corollary, this implies that every strongly k-connected n-vertex semicomplete digraph contains a strongly k-connected spanning subgraph with at most kn + 800k2 edges, which is essentially optimal since 800k2 cannot be reduced to the number less than k(k - 1)/2.We also prove an analogous result for strongly k-arc-connected directed multigraphs. Both proofs yield polynomial-time algorithms.

scholarly journals Higher commutators, ideals and cardinality

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Lanski
Keyword(s):  
Finite Index ◽  
Associative Ring ◽  
Semiprime Ring ◽  
Torsion Free ◽  
The Ideal

For an associative ring R, we investigate the relation between the cardinality of the commutator [R, R], or of higher commutators such as [[R, R], [R, R]], the cardinality of the ideal it generates, and the index of the centre of R. For example, when R is a semiprime ring, any finite higher commutator generates a finite ideal, and if R is also 2-torsion free then there is a central ideal of R of finite index in R. With the same assumption on R, any infinite higher commutator T generates an ideal of cardinality at most 2cardT and there is a central ideal of R of index at most 2cardT in R.

FINITE HIGHER COMMUTATORS IN ASSOCIATIVE RINGS

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509
Author(s):  
CHARLES LANSKI
Keyword(s):  
Nilpotent Element ◽  
Associative Ring ◽  
Minimal Cardinality ◽  
Associative Rings ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractIf $T$ is any finite higher commutator in an associative ring $R$, for example, $T= [[R, R] , [R, R] ] $, and if $T$ has minimal cardinality so that the ideal generated by $T$ is infinite, then $T$ is in the centre of $R$ and ${T}^{2} = 0$. Also, if $T$ is any finite, higher commutator containing no nonzero nilpotent element then $T$ generates a finite ideal.

Finding an Optimal Set of Cutter Radii for 2D Pocket Machining

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Nadjakova ◽  
Sara McMains
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Approximation Ratio ◽  
Pocket Machining ◽  
Ratio Set ◽  
Tool Set ◽  
The Given ◽  
Optimal Set ◽  
Predetermined Number ◽  
Points Of Discontinuity ◽  
The Ideal

We describe an approach to finding an optimal (within a requested approximation ratio) set of cutter radii for machining a given 2-dimensional pocket. We do not assume that there is a pre-determined set of cutter radii to choose from or a predetermined number of cutters to use. Given an initial set of cutters to choose from, we derive an upper bound on the approximation ratio of what is achievable choosing from this set compared to the ideal set. We then use this bound to subdivide the intervals between the given radii until the requested approximation ratio is achieved. We also look at the machinable area as a function of the tool radius. We show that this area is continuous everywhere, except at a certain set of radii determinable by constructing the Voronoi diagram of the pocket. This lets us avoid subdividing the intervals around the points of discontinuity, improving both running time and the size of the output tool set.

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