On Ulam Stability of a Generalized Delayed Differential Equation of Fractional Order

We investigate Ulam stability of a general delayed differential equation of a fractional order. We provide formulas showing how to generate the exact solutions of the equation using functions that satisfy it only approximately. Namely, the approximate solution $$\phi $$ ϕ generates the exact solution as a pointwise limit of the sequence $$\varLambda ^n\phi $$ Λ n ϕ with some integral (possibly, nonlinear) operator $$\varLambda $$ Λ . We estimate the speed of convergence and the distance between those approximate and exact solutions. Moreover, we provide some exemplary calculations, involving the Chebyshev and Bielecki norms and some semigauges, that could help to obtain reasonable outcomes for such estimations in some particular cases. The main tool is the Diaz–Margolis fixed point alternative.

Describing limits of integrable functions as grid functions of nonstandard analysis

In functional analysis, there are different notions of limit for a bounded sequence of $$L^1$$ L 1 functions. Besides the pointwise limit, that does not always exist, the behaviour of a bounded sequence of $$L^1$$ L 1 functions can be described in terms of its weak-$$\star $$ ⋆ limit or by introducing a measure-valued notion of limit in the sense of Young measures. Working in Robinson’s nonstandard analysis, we show that for every bounded sequence $$\{z_n\}_{n \in \mathbb {N}}$$ { z n } n ∈ N of $$L^1$$ L 1 functions there exists a function of a hyperfinite domain (i.e. a grid function) that represents both the weak-$$\star $$ ⋆ and the Young measure limits of the sequence. This result has relevant applications to the study of nonlinear PDEs. We discuss the example of an ill-posed forward–backward parabolic equation.

On the Determinant Problem for the Relativistic Boltzmann Equation

This article considers a long-outstanding open question regarding the Jacobian determinant for the relativistic Boltzmann equation in the center-of-momentum coordinates. For the Newtonian Boltzmann equation, the center-of-momentum coordinates have played a large role in the study of the Newtonian non-cutoff Boltzmann equation, in particular we mention the widely used cancellation lemma [1]. In this article we calculate specifically the very complicated Jacobian determinant, in ten variables, for the relativistic collision map from the momentum p to the post collisional momentum $$p'$$ p ′ ; specifically we calculate the determinant for $$p\mapsto u = \theta p'+\left( 1-\theta \right) p$$ p ↦ u = θ p ′ + 1 - θ p for $$\theta \in [0,1]$$ θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] . Afterwards we give an upper-bound for this determinant that has no singularity in both p and q variables. Next we give an example where we prove that the Jacobian goes to zero in a specific pointwise limit. We further explain the results of our numerical study which shows that the Jacobian determinant has a very large number of distinct points at which it is machine zero. This generalizes the work of Glassey-Strauss (1991) [8] and Guo-Strain (2012) [12]. These conclusions make it difficult to envision a direct relativistic analog of the Newtonian cancellation lemma in the center-of-momentum coordinates.

Interchanging a limit and an integral: necessary and sufficient conditions

Let $\{f_{n}\}_{n \in \mathbb {N}}$ { f n } n ∈ N be a sequence of integrable functions on a σ-finite measure space $(\Omega, \mathscr {F}, \mu )$ ( Ω , F , μ ) . Suppose that the pointwise limit $\lim_{n \uparrow \infty } f_{n}$ lim n ↑ ∞ f n exists μ-a.e. and is integrable. In this setting we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the following equality to hold: $$ \lim_{n \uparrow \infty } \int f_{n} \, d\mu = \int \lim_{n \uparrow \infty } f_{n} \, d\mu. $$ lim n ↑ ∞ ∫ f n d μ = ∫ lim n ↑ ∞ f n d μ .

CENTRAL SEQUENCES IN SUBHOMOGENEOUS UNITAL C*-ALGEBRAS

Suppose that $\mathcal {A}$ is a unital subhomogeneous C*-algebra. We show that every central sequence in $\mathcal {A}$ is hypercentral if and only if every pointwise limit of a sequence of irreducible representations is multiplicity free. We also show that every central sequence in $\mathcal {A}$ is trivial if and only if every pointwise limit of irreducible representations is irreducible. Finally, we give a nice representation of the latter algebras.

On finite sums of periodic functions

It is shown that any function acting from the real line {\mathbb{R}} into itself can be expressed as a pointwise limit of finite sums of periodic functions. At the same time, the real analytic function {x\rightarrow\exp(x^{2})} cannot be represented as a uniform limit of finite sums of periodic functions and, simultaneously, this function is a locally uniform limit of finite sums of periodic functions. The latter fact needs the techniques of Hamel bases.

Ergodic properties of the Anzai skew-product for the non-commutative torus

We provide a systematic study of a non-commutative extension of the classical Anzai skew-product for the cartesian product of two copies of the unit circle to the non-commutative 2-tori. In particular, some relevant ergodic properties are proved for these quantum dynamical systems, extending the corresponding ones enjoyed by the classical Anzai skew-product. As an application, for a uniquely ergodic Anzai skew-product $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$ on the non-commutative $2$ -torus $\mathbb{A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ , $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in \mathbb{R}$ , we investigate the pointwise limit, $\lim _{n\rightarrow +\infty }(1/n)\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}^{-k}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}^{k}(x)$ , for $x\in \mathbb{A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ a point in the unit circle, and show that there are examples for which the limit does not exist, even in the weak topology.

The $$\mu $$-Darboux transformation of minimal surfaces

The classical notion of the Darboux transformation of isothermic surfaces can be generalised to a transformation for conformal immersions. Since a minimal surface is Willmore, we can use the associated $$\mathbb { C}_*$$C∗-family of flat connections of the harmonic conformal Gauss map to construct such transforms, the so-called $$\mu $$μ-Darboux transforms. We show that a $$\mu $$μ-Darboux transform of a minimal surface is not minimal but a Willmore surface in 4-space. More precisely, we show that a $$\mu $$μ-Darboux transform of a minimal surface f is a twistor projection of a holomorphic curve in $$\mathbb { C}\mathbb { P}^3$$CP3 which is canonically associated to a minimal surface $$f_{p,q}$$fp,q in the right-associated family of f. Here we use an extension of the notion of the associated family $$f_{p,q}$$fp,q of a minimal surface to allow quaternionic parameters. We prove that the pointwise limit of Darboux transforms of f is the associated Willmore surface of f at $$\mu =1$$μ=1. Moreover, the family of Willmore surfaces $$\mu $$μ-Darboux transforms, $$\mu \in \mathbb { C}_*$$μ∈C∗, extends to a $$\mathbb { C}\mathbb { P}^1$$CP1 family of Willmore surfaces $$f^\mu : M \rightarrow S^4$$fμ:M→S4 where $$\mu \in \mathbb { C}\mathbb { P}^1$$μ∈CP1.