Buprenorphine Response as a Function of Neurogenetic Polymorphic Antecedents: Can Dopamine Genes Affect Clinical Outcomes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)?

The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been profoundly implicated in reward mechanisms in the brain. Dysfunction of the D2 dopamine receptors leads to aberrant substance seeking behaviour (alcohol, drug, tobacco, and food) and other related behaviours (pathological gambling, Tourette's syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). We propose that variants of the D2 dopamine receptor gene are important common genetic determinants of the ‘reward deficiency syndrome’.

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Gene Narcotic Attenuation Program attenuates substance use disorder, a clinical subtype of reward deficiency syndrome

Advances in Therapy ◽

10.1007/bf02849910 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 402-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Thomas J. H. Chen ◽

Kenneth Blum ◽

Roger L. Waite ◽

Brian Meshkin ◽

John Schoolfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Reward Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Clinical Subtype

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The Molecular Genetics of Pathological Gambling

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s109285290000599x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 20-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

David E. Comings

Keyword(s):

Pathological Gambling ◽

Molecular Genetics ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Addictive Behaviors ◽

Polygenic Inheritance ◽

Genetic Abnormalities ◽

Reward Pathways ◽

Dopamine Receptor Genes ◽

Dopamine Genes

AbstractAs gambling becomes available to more and more individuals in this country, the problem of compulsive or pathological gambling (PG) will also increase. As with other forms of addiction, both environmental and genetic factors are involved in PG. Identification of the genes that play a role in increasing a person's risk for PG will lead to a better understanding of the disorder and to more rational and effective treatment. Although studies of the molecular genetics of PG are just beginning, a number of interesting observations have been made and are reviewed in this article. As with other addictive behaviors, abnormalities in dopaminergic reward pathways a likely to be involved. Consistent with this, we have observed a significant association between PG and the D1, D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptor genes. The fact that each these genes has an effect is consistent with a polygenic inheritance of a susceptibility to PG The involvement of multiple dopamine genes consistent with the “reward deficiency syndrome,” which suggests that addictive impulsive disorders are due, at least in part, to genetic abnormalities of the dopamine reward pathways. On the basis of this hypothesis, we describe other genes also likely to play a role in a person's susceptibility to PG.

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Nutrigenomics of Neuradaptogen Amino-Acid-Therapy and Neurometabolic Optimizers: Overcoming carbohydrate bingeing and overeating through neurometabolic mechanisms

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v1i9.121 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (9) ◽

pp. 310

Author(s):

Kenneth Blum ◽

Debasis Bagchi ◽

Abdalla Bowirrat ◽

B. William Downs ◽

Roger L. Waite ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Comt Inhibition ◽

Acid Therapy ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

First Time ◽

Dopamine Genes ◽

Prevention Of Relapse

Despite progress that has been made in the treatment of obesity, the epidemic continues to rise worldwide. While pharmacological treatment of obesity may be effective, medications may have significant side effects and can be potentially fatal. This review will provide significant evidence to substantiate the existence of Reward Deficiency Syndrome in Obesity and the role of catecholaminergic pathways in aberrant substance seeking behavior, in particular cravings for carbohydrates. The genetic basis for generalized craving behavior will be established. Evidence to support the augmentation of precursor amino acid therapy and enkephalinase, MOA and COMT inhibition leading to enhanced levels of neurotransmitters: serotonin, enkephalins, GABA and dopamine/norepinephrine as well increasing insulin sensitivity (affecting dopamine neuronal synthesis regulation) through the use of certain neurometabolic optimizers will also be provided. This review article cites many published studies to support a conceptual paradigm shift towards the use of this proposed nutrigenomic formula. The analysis and research preceding this formulation is outlined. This formulation has a generalized anti-craving effect and can inhibit carbohydrate bingeing, inducing significant healthy fat loss and prevention of relapse. This is the first time that components of this formula have been combined, at the dosage levels indicated with the goal of promoting successful and sustainable body recomposition. We are encouraging other laboratories to further evaluate Neuroadtagen Amino-Acid Therapy (NAAT)/Nurometabolic optimizers as a putative anti-obesity complex in larger controlled blinded studies and await interpretation of must these needed studies. Keywords: NAAT, Dopamine, Genes, Polymorphisms, Obesity, Craving Behavior, Overeating, Reward Deficiency Syndome, Nutrigenomics.

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