scholarly journals Effect of Distance of Sanitary Pits on the Microbial and Heavy Metal Levels in Hand Dug Well Water Samples Consumed by People Living in Akwuke, Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 325-339
Author(s):  
O. Okeke ◽  
C. C. Aniobi ◽  
C. I. Akagha ◽  
E. Ezeh ◽  
C. F. Ezejiofor
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Dug Well

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Determination from hand-dug wells in Ososo Town, Akoko-Edo North Local Government Area Edo State

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-549
Author(s):  
E.G. Maju-Oyovwikowhe ◽  
W.O. Emofurieta
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Edo State

Groundwater is water beneath the surface of the earth. The primary source is precipitation from rain, snow, and hail. Groundwater commonly occurs as water that fills pore spaces between mineral or rock grains in sediments and sedimentary rocks. This study is to evaluate the physiochemical characteristics and selected heavy metal levels of Water from Hand Dug Wells in Ososo in Akoko Edo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. A total of twenty (20) water samples were collected in very clean containers from twenty (20) hand dug wells in Ososo town, and taken to the laboratory immediately for physical, chemical and heavy metal analysis using standard laboratory techniques. The physical analysis results from the study show that depth to ground water is very shallow. Ph was below 7.5. Conductivity varies from 167.8-2120.00/cm. The temperatures were uniform. The ground water is odorless and tasteless. The amounts of total suspended soil (TSS) in all the samples vary from 10–20 ppm. The total dissolved solid content (TDS) concentration for all the samples varies from 132–1320.00 ppm. Total hardness is soft to moderately hard. Total alkalinity values vary between 3.0 to 18.0 ppm. The phenolphthalein value for the sample tested was zero. Chemical analysis results for the cations shows that Calcium (Ca) is one of the most abundant cations in the entire well water samples with concentration varying from 6.4 – 40.0 mg/L. Magnesium (Mg) concentration vary from 2.0 -9.5 ppm. Dissolved Sodium (Na) content values vary from 17.9- 92.5 mg/L. Chemical analysis results for the anions shows that the concentration of sulphate (SO4) ions varies from 93–125 mg/L. The bicarbonate (CO3) concentration in all samples varies from 25.7–90 mg/L. The dissolved nitrites and nitrates concentrations varies from 5.7 – 9.1. Heavy metals analysis shows the concentrations of copper (CU) in the samples range from 0.1 – 0.5 mg/l. The result of the analysis indicates high values of lead (Pb) in nine samples, but lead was not detected in wells 6 and 7. The values for other wells ranged between 0.1-0.2 mg/l. The values for the concentration of chromium (Cr)range from 0.4 -0.89 mg/l. The values of barium (Ba) range from 0.05- 0.3 mg/l. Result from the heavy mineral analysis for Cadmium (Cd) gave an approximate value of 0.2 and below detectable limit in the other wells. The values of Zinc (Zn) range from 0.8 – 11.4 mg/l. The values of Nickel (Ni) range from 0.1–0.5 mg/l.The hand-dug wells in the study area contain free Carbon IV Oxide and the alkalinity of the well water is entirely due to Bicarbonate ions. Sodium, chloride, bicarbonates, calcium, iron, potassium and magnesium are the most abundant. All the dissolved anions in the well water sample are generally below the recommended maximum limits by WHO. Samples also showed high bacteria load which primarily originated from effluent discharge from pit toilets and waste dumps and can constitute health risk on ingestion. Highly populated areas have groundwater with high concentration of dissolved ions and the converse for areas of low population. From the results of the analysis, conclusion is drawn to the fact that, the groundwater chemistry in the study area has been influenced greatly by human activities than the bedrock geology of the area. It is therefore recommended that well location should be at least, 30 m away from any source of contamination such as soak- ways, adequate treatment must be given to well water such as chlorination, boiling to destroy any bacteria and filtration to remove all unwanted/undesirable constituents that may be present, and a policy on land use planning and urban development to guard against indiscriminate setting of wells within the centre of the village should be established. This study has been able to enhance sustainable water development, since the health of inhabitants in a community depends to a large extent on the quality of groundwater supply.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Contaminated with Petroleum Products in Keffi Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3a) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
JK Makpo ◽  
SM Ameh ◽  
A Asarya ◽  
YP Gambo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Significant Difference

This work assessed the presence of heavy metals in water contaminated with petroleum products in Keffi Local Government Area. Two water sampling station were selected based on the stratified method of sampling of Antau River. Station A is located along Federal Government College Keffi popularly known as Antau Bridge where Agricultural and mechanical activities, with sales of petroleum product take place. Station B was located at Dadin Kowa known as Gada Manu where human activities such as bathing and washing takes place which served as control. The distance between stations is 1km. The procedural plan of this study was monthly sampling of water from both Stations. Materials such as funnel, sampling container, distilled water, conical flask, filter paper, 50ml polypropylene centrifuge tube, cooler were used. Heavy metal concentration was determined using X – ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy (XRF) at the Center for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The water parameters of the four samples were determined using the Extech instrument. The result on Physico – chemical parameters revealed the values obtained from contaminated water samples to be pH (7.31), Dissolved Oxygen (1.14), Electrical Conductivity (8.22), Total Dissolved Solid (4.13), Temperature (27.45) and Salinity (0.091) while the controlled Station at point B were pH (7.43), DO (7.35), EC (3.14), TDS (1.54), Temperature (26.75), Salinity (0.o94) respectively. From the result obtained, the heavy metal contaminated samples had the following values: Mg (29.31±), Al (218.69±), Si (230.12±), S (1153.65±), Cl (54.25±), Ca (106.56±), Ti (23.66±), Cr (3.15±), Fe (15.92±), Cd (7.54±). For the control sample at point B, the following values were obtained: Mg (27.49±), Al (223.71±), Si (243.21±), S (94.84±), Cl (23.52±), Ca (28.44±), Ti (32.99±), Fe (16.63±), Cd (7.67±) respectively. The P-value was 0.8105 (p>0.05) for the water quality parameters while for the concentration of heavy metal P-value was 0.2054 (p>0.05). This implies that there was no significant difference between the concentrations of elements. However, the concentration values of heavy metals in the contaminated water at Station A and control water samples at Station B were higher than the World Health Organization values (Standard) for drinking water

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metal Levels of Four Rivers in Nkanu West and Nkanu East Local Government Areas of Enugu State Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Melford C. Egbujor ◽  
Ogechi J. Ogbodo ◽  
Jacob A. David ◽  
Eramus O. Anieze ◽  
Ifeanyi S. Amasiatu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Mn Content

The physicochemical properties and the concentrations of heavy metals of water samples collected from four different rivers of Nkanu east and west Local Government Areas of Enugu of state Nigeria were investigated because of the prevalent water borne diseases in these localities attributable to the drinking of contaminated water. The water samples were collected from different sites of Esu, Umuekwe, Umuobeagu and Atafu rivers and their physicochemical properties and heavy metal contents were measured. Sampling Stations were selected; samples were collected avoiding contamination from the selected sites in same season, from same depth. On site measurement of parameters was done with the same instruments. Rests of the parameters were measured in Laboratory. Lead (Pb) was present in Esu, Umuekwe, Umuobeagu and Atafu rivers at a concentration of 0.14, 0.03, 0.00 and 0.16 mg/L respectively; Zn was only detected in Esu and Umuobeagu at 0.07 and 0.01 mg/L respectively and cadmium (Cd) concentrations of 0.14, 0.14. 0.08 and 0.08 mg/L respectively. Iron was detected in only Umuekwe river having 0.17 mg/L and Atafu river having 0.21 mg/L while Ni was detected at 3.01, 4.20, 1.20 and 3.83 mg/L respectively. Only Atafu river had Cr at 0.01 mg/L, only Esu river had Co content at 0.05 mg/L, Mn content in Esu, Umuekwe, and Umuobeagu was found to be 0.01, 0.02 and 0.02 mg/L respectively with Atafu river having none. Hg concentration was found to be 0.57, 0.06, 0.42 and 0.82 mg/L for Esu, Umuekwe, Umuobeagu and Atafu rivers respectively. The concentrations of Pb and Cd were higher in all the four samples especially in Esu river as a result of its closeness to construction sites and refuse dump and the concentrations were above the acceptable limits of WHO standard of 0.010 and 0.005 mg/L respectively for drinking water while Hg, Fe, and Ni were found within the W.H.O limits of 0.001, 3.000 and 0.100 mg/L respectively. The rest were below the standard, thus confirming conclusively that the rivers are polluted with the presence of heavy metals.

scholarly journals Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Mineral Compositions of Hand Dug Well Water Samples Collected from Selected Local Government Areas in Oyo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
S. A. Okewole ◽  
L. O. Oyekunle ◽  
O. O. Akande ◽  
A. I. Amusat ◽  
A. I. Amuzat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Well Water ◽  
North East ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid ◽  
Dug Well

Potable water is essential for human survival but contaminations through human activities have jeo pardized it. This research will create awareness on the condition of hand dug well water used and reduce transmission of diseases in the study areas. The study deals with the determination of physic-chemical parameters and Mineral composition of water samples collected in the month of September, 2019 from hand dug well from selected local government areas in Oyo State Nigeria, (Ibadan North-East, Ibarapa Central, Afijio, Ogbomoso South and Iseyin local government). The parameters examined were Temperature (ToC), Potential Hydrogen (pH), Conductivity (µ/S-1/cm), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS ppm), Salinity (ppm), Dissolved Oxygen (DO mg/L),Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Zinc (Zn2+) and Chloride (Cl-). Standard analytical methods were used. The analytical results of the study revealed that Temperatures are within 27 and 28oC, the pH of the samples ranges from 4.7-6.8, Conductivity falls between 785-1671 µ/S-1/cm. The TDS ranges from 550-1346 ppm, Salinity from 384-956 ppm while DO had the values ranges of 6.03-11.44 mg/l. Potassium (K+) (1.92-6.22 mg/l), Calcium (Ca2+) (14.74-18.52 mg/l), Magnesium (Mg2+) (6.34-7.81 mg/l), Zinc (Zn2+) (0.39-0.47mg/l) and Chloride (Cl-) (26.19-28.70 mg/l). It was noted that, Conductivity, salinity and DO were high compared to WHO and NSDWQ permissible standard limits. This indicated that pollution from dumpsites and erosion has great impact on the water. The mineral compositions of the water samples are within the permissible limit recommended by WHO. It is advisable that proper drainage and sewer systems should be constructed in all areas to ensure proper disposal of hazardous liquid waste, thereby preventing seepage into groundwater and surface water.

Heavy Metal Content of Agricultural Soils at Tumu, Akko Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. p8693
Author(s):  
Ogidi A. Ogidi ◽  
Danja B. A. ◽  
Sanusi K. A. ◽  
Nathaniel Sunday Samuel ◽  
Abdurrahman Abubakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Heavy Metal Content
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