A Novel Spectrophotometric Determination and Kinetic Study of Sulfamethoxazole in Pure and Tablet Formulation using 9-chloroacridine Reagent

A spectrophotometric method has been developed for analysis of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in pure and dosage forms. The method is based on the reaction of the SMX with 9-chloroacridine (9-CA) reagent in organic and acidic medium, to produce a yellow product having maximum absorption at 448 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 1-30 μg.ml-1 with molar absorptivity of 1.63x104 L.mol-1.cm-1 with good detection and quantification limits. Accuracy (Average recovery %) and precision are 98.43% and 0.651, respectively. The proposed method was applied successfully for determination of Sulfamethoxazole in its commercial dosage form as tablet and agree well with the official method. The equilibrium constant and the thermodynamic functions (ΔHo, ΔGº and ΔSº) of the complex formation were estimated. The study revealed that the complex formation could occur spontaneously, the type of interacting forces between SMX and 9-CA are physical is nature and association increases the order of the studied systems. The results of kinetic parameters indicated that, the reaction is pseudo first order with respect to SMX. The rate constant at various temperatures and the thermodynamic functions of activation were determined. Theoretical parameters were calculated by applying the semi-empirical Austin method (AM1). These parameters are helped to suggest reaction mechanism and supporting other results.

A Profoundly Touchy Approved Spectrofluorimetric Approach for Assurance of Ixabepilone as Anticancer Drug by Utilizing Its Quenching Impact on Acetoxymercuric Fluorescein Reagent

A dependable, sensitive, basic and cheap spectrofluorimetric approach has been created for test of sulfur-containing drug; ixabepilone in bulk powder, vials and human plasma. The approach depends on the quenching effect of ixabepilone on the fluorescence intensity of acetoxymercuric fluorescene (AMF) reagent at λem of 530 nm and λex of 500 nm. Parameters which will control the reaction such as pH, AMF solution concentration, temperature, time and solvents were examined and optimized. According to the optimized conditions, the proposed approach was practiced over the concentration area of 20-100 ng mL-1 with adequate linearity (r = 0.9998). The developed approach was approved confirming to ICH rules in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, LOD and LOQ. The proposed approach was practiced to analyze ixabepilone in Ixempra® vials with satisfactory recovery % of 99.89 and RSE% of 1.24. The results achieved were compared to those achieved by an already reported HPLC approach.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw Harvested in Kokumbo in Ivory Coast

Aims: The objective of this work is to contribute to the valorization of medicinal and aromatic plants of the Ivorian flora. We propose to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activity by spectrophotometry of the essential oil of Cardiospermum. grandiflorum Sw Study Design: Valorization of aromatic and medicinal plants. Methodology: The technical of steam distillation using a four-compartment stainless steel device was used to extract the essential oil from the plant matrix. The analysis of the essential oils was carried out on a GC chromatograph (7890A, Agilent Technologies) coupled to a mass spectrometer (5975C, Agilent Technologies). The identification of the compounds was carried out by comparison of the retention indices and mass spectra obtained with those from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database and from the literature The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated using the Blois method. Results: The essential oil obtained by steaming, with an aromatic odor and pale yellow color has a yield of (0.0045 ± 0.0002)%. Analysis of the chromatogram and mass spectra obtained by GC-MS identified 24 phytocompounds representing 99.45% of the total chemical composition. The chemical composition of EO consists mainly of hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (97.72%).The major compound is γ-muurolene (46.06%) (A) followed by β-Caryophyllene (24.35%) (B) and γ-elemene (7.07 %). The essential oil extract of C. grandiflorum exhibits low antioxidant activity compared to vitamin C. The IC 50 value of vitamin C is 0.31 µg / mL while that of EO extract of C grandiflorum is 15.1 µg / mL Conclusion: In the present study, we are interested in the valuation of Cardiospermum grandiflorum an aromatic plant used in traditional Ivorian medicine. The yields of essential oil is low. (24) phytocompounds were identified there. The essential oil has less antioxidant activity than that of vitamin C,

Physicochemical Properties of Organophilic Clay Developed Using Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Chloride (HDTMAC) Modifier

Aims: Ogwuta clay from Unwana in the South Eastern part of Nigeria was modified by ion exchange reaction using hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HDTMAC). Study Design: This study was analyzed experimentally and instrumentally. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The sample collection, literature search, experiment, results and analysis lasted for one and half years. Methodology: Physicochemical and thermal properties of the clay were determined after modification using classical and spectroscopic techniques. A combination of the wet and dry method (X-ray Fluorescence) was used to determine the metal oxide composition. Other techniques included; Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetry (TG). The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was determined using the methylene blue method with a value of 16.4 meq/100g after modification. Results: The product was slightly acidic with pH 4.3. Silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), Na+, and K+ were found to be 47.58 %, 18.99%, 2.27, and 0.23% respectively. The clay was limited in mineral impurities with 0.0% T4+, 0.41% Mg2+, and 0.11% Ca2+ but high in carbonaceous matter with loss on ignition (LOI) of 13.17%. A C-H asymmetric stretching was visible around the 2931.9 cm-1 region as revealed by the Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. The X-Ray Diffraction analysis of the modified clay showed a basal spacing of 8.121 Å. Also, the X-Ray Diffractogram revealed kaolinite as the major clay mineral with the presence of quartz and polygorskite. Conclusion: This study posits that the modified clay can be potentially suitable for the adsorptive removal of organic contaminants in aqueous and real life media.

Fabrication and Characterization of Functional pH-Responsive Poly (S-Co-DEAMVA)-g-Tryptophan

Vanillin was used to synthesize cationic monomers from the amine group with a tertiary amine. It has both an amine and an aldehyde group. For that, it helps graft to form Schiff base with amino acid-like tryptophan. It is abbreviated by {2-[(diethylamino) methyl]-4-formyl-6-methoxyphenyl acrylate} DEAMVA and evaluated by, e.g., 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT IR results were compared with the chemical structure elevated good agreement. 10 and 25 mol % of vanillin monomer was copolymerized with (S). The copolymers of poly (S-co-DEAMVA) were investigated by 1H NMR, FTIR, GPC, and DSC. The grafting with tryptophan has also been modified and exposed to the same investigation methods; further, UV/Vis spectroscopy has designated the pH responsiveness. The study aims to improve the general characterization of polystyrene and produce functional pH-responsive polymer for graft biological molecules in the future.

Antioxidant and Anti α-amylase Activities of Polar Extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus and Saba senegalensis and the Combinason of their Butanolic Extracts

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health disease, and it affects all segments of the population around the world. The progression of this disease is worrying, 460 million in 2019, the number of diabetics is estimated in 2045 at 700 million worldwide. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the ethyl acetate (EA) and Butan-1-ol (But-ol) fractions of M hirtus and Saba senegalensis are studied in this work. The results revealed that the fractions possessed flavonoid, tannins, terpenes and sterols; and exhibit potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The butanolic fractions exhibited more significantly α-amylase inhibitory activities than the ethyl acetate fractions. The IC50 values of butanolic fractions are 0.099 and 0.41 mg/ml respectively for M hirtus and S Senegalensis versus 0.44 and 1.45mg/ml ethyl acetate fractions. The combined butanol fractions of the two plants do not lead to the expected synergetic activities. Thus, it could be concluded that due to the presence of antioxidant components in the plant, extracts have well prospective for the management of diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress.

Phytochemical, Proximate, In-vitro Antimalarial and Antimicrobial screening of leaf Extracts of Justicia carnea Lindl

Aim: To study the phytochemical, proximate, antimicrobial and anti-malarial activities of leaf extracts of Justicia carnea Methods: The leaf sample of Justicia carnea which has been used in Nigeria folklore in treating malaria, cancer and many other diseases was extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, proximate, anti-malarial and antimicrobial screening. Results: The results showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds were present. Ethy acetate extract also exhibited the highest suppression against malaria parasite in-vitro, more than chloroquine. This inhibition and high abundance of alkaloids and glycosides gave credence to the therapeutic use of the plant as anti-malaria drug. The three extracts showed a concentration-dependent inhibition against S. aureus, Aspergillus spp and Bacillus spp. S. typhi, K. pneumonia, P. aerogenosa and C. albicans were resistant in all concentrations of the extracts. Conclusion: The therapeutic use of the leaves of J. carnea in treatment of malaria was validated. Its antimicrobial activity was also affirmed in some of the tested organisms.

Recent Advances on the Synthesis, Reactions and Evaluation of the Pharmacological Properties of Quinoxaline, Quinoxaline-2-One and Quinoxaline-2,3-Dione

The review article attempts to give recent advances on quinoxaline and its derivatives. Some pathways to the synthesis of quinoxaline, quinoxaline-2-one and quinoxaline-2,3-dione were reported using simple reactive quinoxaline synthon. In addition, the reactions, biological and technological applications of derivatives of quinoxaline and related compounds were reported.

Quantative STRUCTURE Activity Relationship (QSAR) Study of a Series of Molecules Derived from 2,3-dihydro-1H- perimidine having Activity against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B

In order to study the Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and descriptors, we used a series of fourteen (14) molecules derived from perimidine. The compounds were optimized at the computational level B3LYP / 6-31 G (d, p), to obtain the descriptors of the model. This study was performed using the Linear Multiple Regression (MLR) method. This tool allowed us to obtain a quantitative model from the descriptors that are, the overall softness (S), the energy of the lowest vacant (ELUMO), the bond length l (N-C1). This model has good statistical performance (R2 = 0.958; RMCE = 0.110; F = 43.870). In addition, the external validation test of Tropsha and the domain of applicability from the levers were verified.

Geochemical Baseline and Contamination Level Assessment of Antimony (Sb) in Sediment around Agbaou Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

Agbaou is one of the most recent gold mine exploitation sites in Côte d’Ivoire. Little studies are discussed on the geochemical baseline concentration of trace metals in the wetland sediments around Agbaou gold mine. The main objectives of this study were to establish geochemical baseline values and to assess the pollution status of antimony (Sb). The geochemical baseline concentration of Sb (GBCSb) was estimated using linear regression method. In this study, total Sb concentration was analysed in sediment (10 sediment samples) collected around Agbaou gold mine site. The average Sb concentration was 5.63 ± 2.50 µg.g-1 ranging from 2.50 to 11.3 µg.g-1. The spatial distribution of Sb showed a tendency to accumulate near gold mine site. Moreover, the GBCSb (5.72 µg.g-1) was slightly higher than the average concentration found in sediments. GBC of Sb was used to calculate the anthropogenic contribution rate (R) which exhibited a positive value (R > 0) for all samples, indicating that the sediments were influenced by gold mining activities. Due to lack of local baseline value in the study area, the GBCSb obtained could be used as reference value for Sb contamination level assessment in the sediments.