Low Ambient Temperature Cold Start Emissions of Gaseous and Solid Pollutants from Euro 5 Vehicles featuring Direct and Indirect Injection Spark-Ignition Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 968-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Joseph Woodburn ◽  
Andrzej Szczotka
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Low Ambient Temperature

scholarly journals Emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds (RNCs) from two vehicles with turbo-charged spark ignition engines over cold start driving cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Woodburn
Keyword(s):  
Cold Start ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Driving Cycles

This paper reviews the emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds (RNCs) from modern vehicles fitted with spark ignition en-gines and three-way catalysts. Specific aspects of the pollutants involved – and their formation – are discussed. Cold start driving cycles are scenarios under which emissions of all four RNCs can be significant; the mechanisms behind emissions trends are ex-plored. Experimental data obtained from two vehicles tested over two different cold start driving cycles are presented and analysed. The use of gravimetric and molar metrics are explored. Ammonia, a species which is currently not regulated for passenger cars in any automotive market, is identified as forming the majority of the RNC emissions over the entire driving cycle. While ammonia emissions are strongly linked to aftertreatment system warmup and periods of high load, significant ammonia emissions were also measured under certain hot-running, low load conditions, and even at idle. For the majority of the duration of the test procedures employed, the RNC profile was dominated by ammonia, which accounted for between 69% and 86% of measured RNCs in the ex-haust gas. Emissions are compared to the available legislative precedents (i.e. emissions limits currently in force in various jurisdic-tions). Finally, possibilities for control of exhaust emissions of currently unregulated RNCs are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Prediction of cold start hydrocarbon emissions of air cooled two wheeler spark ignition engines by simple fuzzy logic simulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Samuel ◽  
Arasu Valan
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Logic Simulation ◽  
Warm Start ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emission ◽  
Secondary Air

The cold start hydrocarbon emission from the increasing population of two wheelers in countries like India is one of the research issues to be addressed. This work describes the prediction of cold start hydrocarbon emissions from air cooled spark ignition engines through fuzzy logic technique. Hydrocarbon emissions were experimentally measured from test engines of different cubic capacity, at different lubricating oil temperature and at different idling speeds with and without secondary air supply in exhaust. The experimental data were used as input for modeling average hydrocarbon emissions for 180 seconds counted from cold start and warm start of gasoline bike engines. In fuzzy logic simulation, member functions were assigned for input variables (cubic capacity and idling rpm) and output variables (average hydrocarbon emission for first 180 seconds at cold start and warm start). The knowledge based rules were adopted from the analyzed experimental data and separate simulations were carried out for predicting hydrocarbon emissions from engines equipped with and without secondary air supply. The simulation yielded the average hydrocarbon emissions of air cooled gasoline engine for a set of given input data with accuracy over 90%.

Optimal cold start calibration of spark ignition engines

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13022-13027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Keynejad ◽  
Chris Manzie
Keyword(s):  
Cold Start ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines

Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Gasoline Blended With Alcohols

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenghua Liu ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Guangle Li ◽  
Lei Chi
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Increase Oxygen Content ◽  
Cold Starting ◽  
Engine Combustion ◽  
Different Temperatures

Methanol and ethanol are known as potential alcohol alternative fuels for spark ignition Engines, which can be blended with gasoline to increase oxygen content and to decrease emissions. Six kinds of fuels were prepared, which were commercial 93#gasoline, M10, M20, M30, E10 and E20. With a constant volume bomb, flame propagation speeds were studied under different temperatures, exhaust dilution and air fuel ratios. The flame radiuses were used to calculate the flame speed. The results indicate that methanol can increase flame speed no matter with or without exhaust dilution. At the ambient temperature of 5°C and 15°C, engine cold starting tests prove that methanol can improve engine combustion and lower HC and CO emissions during the first 200 seconds, while ethanol has little effects at the same conditions.

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