Preliminary Concept of Semicryogenic Tank for Storage and Direct injection of Natural Gas in Internal Combustion Engines

Due to the vast resources of natural gas (NG), it has emerged as an alternative fuel for SI internal combustion engines in recent years. The need to have better fuel economy and less emission especially that of greenhouse gases has resulted in development of NG fueled engines. Direct injection of natural gas into the cylinder of SI internal combustion engines has shown great potential for improvement of performance and reduction of engine emissions especially CO2 and PM. Direct injection of NG into the cylinder of SI engines is rather new thus the flow field phenomena and suitable configuration of injector and combustion chamber geometry has not been investigated completely. In this study a numerical model has been developed in AVL FIRE software to perform investigation of direct natural gas injection into the cylinder of spark ignition internal combustion engines. In this regard, two main parts have been taken into consideration aiming to convert an MPFI gasoline engine to direct injection NG engine. In the first part of study multidimensional numerical simulation of transient injection process, mixing and flow field have been performed via different validation cases in order to assure the numerical model validity of results. Adaption of such a modeling was found to be a challenging task because of required computational effort and numerical instabilities. In all cases present results were found to have excellent agreement with experimental and numerical results from literature. In the second part, using the moving mesh capability, the validated model has been applied to methane injection into the cylinder of a direct injection engine. Five different piston head shapes have been taken into consideration in investigations. An inwardly opening multi-hole injector has been adapted to all cases. The injector location has been set to be centrally mounted. The effects of combustion chamber geometry have been studied on mixing of air-fuel inside cylinder via quantitative and qualitative representation of results. Based on the results, suitable geometrical configuration for a NG DI engine has been discussed.

Performance, Efficiency and Emissions Evaluation of Gasoline Port-Fuel Injection, Natural Gas Direct Injection and Blended Operation

ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/icef2016-9370 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael Pamminger ◽

Thomas Wallner ◽

James Sevik ◽

Riccardo Scarcelli ◽

Carrie Hall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Intake Port ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Part Load ◽

Port Fuel Injection

The need to further reduce fuel consumption and decrease the output of emissions — in order to be within future emissions legislation — is still an ongoing effort for the development of internal combustion engines. Natural gas is a fossil fuel which is comprised mostly of methane and makes it very attractive for use in internal combustion engines because of its higher knock resistance and higher molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio compared to gasoline. The current paper compares the combustion and emissions behavior of the test engine being operated on either a representative U.S. market gasoline or natural gas. Moreover, specific in-cylinder blend ratios with gasoline and natural gas were also investigated at part-load and wide open throttle conditions. The dilution tolerance for part-load operation was investigated by adding cooled exhaust gas recirculation. The engine used for these investigations was a single cylinder research engine for light duty application which is equipped with two separate fuel systems. Gasoline was injected into the intake port; natural gas was injected directly into the cylinder to overcome the power density loss usually connected with port fuel injection of natural gas. Injecting natural gas directly into the cylinder reduced both ignition delay and combustion duration of the combustion process compared to the injection of gasoline into the intake port. Injecting natural gas and gasoline simultaneously resulted in a higher dilution tolerance compared to operation on one of the fuels alone. Significantly higher net indicated mean effective pressure and indicated thermal efficiency were achieved when natural gas was directly injected after intake valve closing at wide open throttle, compared to an injection while the intake valves were still open. In general it was shown that the blend ratio and the start of injection need to be varied depending on load and dilution level in order to operate the engine with the highest efficiency or highest load.

Nozzle for Oscillating Direct Injection in H2 Internal Combustion Engines

MTZ worldwide ◽

10.1007/s38313-021-0669-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (7-8) ◽

pp. 42-45

Author(s):

Bernhard Bobusch ◽

Thomas Ebert ◽

Anja Fink ◽

Oliver Nett

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Combustion Engines

1D Modeling of the Outwardly Opening Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines Operating with Gaseous and Liquid Fuels

10.4271/2021-24-0006 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paolo Sementa ◽

Michele Todino ◽

Luigi Sequino

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Liquid Fuels ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

1D Modeling

A quasi-one-dimensional model for an outwardly opening poppet-type direct gas injector for internal combustion engines

International Journal of Engine Research ◽

10.1177/1468087419871117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 1493-1519

Author(s):

Abhishek Y Deshmukh ◽

Carsten Giefer ◽

Dominik Goeb ◽

Maziar Khosravi ◽

David van Bebber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Flow Model ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Source Model ◽

Gas Jet ◽

Nozzle Flow ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Compressed Natural Gas ◽

One Dimensional

Direct injection of compressed natural gas in internal combustion engines is a promising technology to achieve high indicated thermal efficiency and, at the same time, reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions using relatively low-cost fuel. However, the design and analysis of direct injection–compressed natural gas systems are challenging due to small injector geometries and high-speed gas flows including shocks and discontinuities. The injector design typically involves either a multi-hole configuration with inwardly opening needle or an outwardly opening poppet-type valve with small geometries, which make accessing the near-nozzle-flow field difficult in experiments. Therefore, predictive simulations can be helpful in the design and development processes. Simulations of the gas injection process are, however, computationally very expensive, as gas passages of the order of micrometers combined with a high Mach number compressible gas flow result in very small simulation time steps of the order of nanoseconds, increasing the overall computational wall time. With substantial differences between in-nozzle and in-cylinder length and velocity scales, simultaneous simulation of both regions becomes computationally expensive. Therefore, in this work, a quasi-one-dimensional nozzle-flow model for an outwardly opening poppet-type injector is developed. The model is validated by comparison with high-fidelity large-eddy simulation results for different nozzle pressure ratios. The quasi-one-dimensional nozzle-flow model is dynamically coupled to a three-dimensional flow solver through source terms in the governing equations, named as dynamically coupled source model. The dynamically coupled source model is then applied to a temporal gas jet evolution case and a cold flow engine case. The results show that the dynamically coupled source model can reasonably predict the gas jet behavior in both cases. All simulations using the new model led to reductions of computational wall time by a factor of 5 or higher.

Blended hydrogen–natural gas-fueled internal combustion engines and fueling infrastructure

Compendium of Hydrogen Energy ◽

10.1016/b978-1-78242-363-8.00008-6 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 219-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J.R. Anstrom ◽

K. Collier

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Gas Fueled

Availability analysis of hydrogen/natural gas blends combustion in internal combustion engines

Energy ◽

10.1016/j.energy.2007.05.009 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 248-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

C.D. Rakopoulos ◽

M.A. Scott ◽

D.C. Kyritsis ◽

E.G. Giakoumis

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Availability Analysis

Progress in hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) internal combustion engines - A comprehensive review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.061 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 ◽

pp. 1458-1498 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Roopesh Kumar Mehra ◽

Hao Duan ◽

Romualdas Juknelevičius ◽

Fanhua Ma ◽

Junyin Li

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Compressed Natural Gas ◽

Comprehensive Review

The Effect of Parametric Variations on Formaldehyde Emissions From a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

Design, Operation, and Application of Modern Internal Combustion Engines and Associated Systems ◽

10.1115/ices2002-446 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel B. Olsen ◽

Bryan D. Willson

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Formation Mechanisms ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Gas Engine ◽

Natural Gas Engine ◽

Hazardous Air Pollutant

Formaldehyde is a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) that is typically emitted from natural gas-fired internal combustion engines as a product of incomplete combustion. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently developing national emission standards to regulate HAP emissions, including formaldehyde, from stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines under Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This work investigates the effect that variations of engine operating parameters have on formaldehyde emissions from a large bore natural gas engine. The subject engine is a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF two-stroke cycle engine with a 14″ (36 cm) bore and a 14″ (36 cm) stroke. Engine parameter variations investigated include load, boost, ignition timing, inlet air humidity ratio, air manifold temperature, jacket water temperature, prechamber fuel supply pressure, exhaust backpressure, and speed. The data analysis and interpretation is performed with reference to possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms and in-cylinder phenomena.