scholarly journals On the Feasibility of In-Venue Observations of Electronic Gaming Machine Gamblers and Game Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Landon ◽  
Katie Palmer Du Preez ◽  
Maria Bellringer ◽  
Max Abbott ◽  
Amanda Roberts
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Harm Minimization ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Gaming Machine ◽  
Gaming Machines ◽  
Valid Information

Detailed observational studies of undisturbed gambler behaviour in venues are rare, especially when the focus is on continuous gambling such as electronic gaming machines (EGMs). EGMs are the main source of harmful gambling in New Zealand and all EGMs in New Zealand now include a mandatory pop-up message feature. The present study reports on 48 hours of in situ observations of EGM gamblers in casino and non-casino (pub) venues in New Zealand. We sought to establish whether relatively detailed observations of EGM features and gambler behaviour in venues were possible. The EGM feature that we focused on were pop-up messages, given their harm-minimization potential and the relative ease with which they can be observed. However, other EGM features were also documented, along with descriptive accounts of associated gambler behaviour. The results establish that relatively detailed (quantitative or qualitative) observational data can be collected in venues by using smart phones. The data showed that pop-up messages were generally attended to, but had little observable effect on gambler behaviour in venues. Direct in situ observation of gamblers can provide ecologically valid information to complement more common experimental and survey-based approaches. Suggestions are made for developing the procedure.Les études d’observation détaillée in situ sur le comportement non perturbé de joueurs sont rares, surtout si on met l’accent sur le jeu continu, comme avec les appareils de jeux électroniques. En Nouvelle-Zélande, ces appareils sont la principale source de jeux compulsifs, et tous les appareils dans ce pays incluent dorénavant une fonctionnalité obligatoire de message contextuel. La présente étude fait état de 48 heures d’observation in situ de joueurs sur appareils dans des casinos ou d’autres lieux (bars) en Nouvelle-Zélande, et on a cherché à déterminer s’il était possible de faire des observations relativement détaillées des caractéristiques et du comportement de joueurs dans ces lieux. On a mis l’accent sur la fonctionnalité des messages contextuels pour analyser leur potentiel de diminuer des méfaits et leur relative facilité à les observer. On a aussi consigné d’autres fonctionnalités d’appareils de jeu, ainsi que des comptes-rendus descriptifs du comportement des joueurs associés. Les résultats montrent que l’on peut recueillir des données d’observation in situ relativement détaillées (quantitatives ou qualitatives) à l’aide de téléphones intelligents. Les données montrent que les messages contextuels ont généralement été pris en compte, mais qu’ils ont eu peu d’effet observable sur le comportement des joueurs. L’observation directe de joueurs peut fournir des informations écologiquement valables pour appuyer les approches expérimentales communes par sondage. On y fait aussi quelques suggestions pour mettre en œuvre une procédure.

scholarly journals On the Feasibility of In-Venue Observations of Electronic Gaming Machine Gamblers and Game Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Landon ◽  
Katie Palmer Du Preez ◽  
Maria Bellringer ◽  
Max Abbott ◽  
Amanda Roberts
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Harm Minimization ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Gaming Machine ◽  
Gaming Machines ◽  
Valid Information

Detailed observational studies of undisturbed gambler behaviour in venues are rare, especially when the focus is on continuous gambling such as electronic gaming machines (EGMs). EGMs are the main source of harmful gambling in New Zealand and all EGMs in New Zealand now include a mandatory pop-up message feature. The present study reports on 48 hours of in situ observations of EGM gamblers in casino and non-casino (pub) venues in New Zealand. We sought to establish whether relatively detailed observations of EGM features and gambler behaviour in venues were possible. The EGM feature that we focused on were pop-up messages, given their harm-minimization potential and the relative ease with which they can be observed. However, other EGM features were also documented, along with descriptive accounts of associated gambler behaviour. The results establish that relatively detailed (quantitative or qualitative) observational data can be collected in venues by using smart phones. The data showed that pop-up messages were generally attended to, but had little observable effect on gambler behaviour in venues. Direct in situ observation of gamblers can provide ecologically valid information to complement more common experimental and survey-based approaches. Suggestions are made for developing the procedure.Les études d’observation détaillée in situ sur le comportement non perturbé de joueurs sont rares, surtout si on met l’accent sur le jeu continu, comme avec les appareils de jeux électroniques. En Nouvelle-Zélande, ces appareils sont la principale source de jeux compulsifs, et tous les appareils dans ce pays incluent dorénavant une fonctionnalité obligatoire de message contextuel. La présente étude fait état de 48 heures d’observation in situ de joueurs sur appareils dans des casinos ou d’autres lieux (bars) en Nouvelle-Zélande, et on a cherché à déterminer s’il était possible de faire des observations relativement détaillées des caractéristiques et du comportement de joueurs dans ces lieux. On a mis l’accent sur la fonctionnalité des messages contextuels pour analyser leur potentiel de diminuer des méfaits et leur relative facilité à les observer. On a aussi consigné d’autres fonctionnalités d’appareils de jeu, ainsi que des comptes-rendus descriptifs du comportement des joueurs associés. Les résultats montrent que l’on peut recueillir des données d’observation in situ relativement détaillées (quantitatives ou qualitatives) à l’aide de téléphones intelligents. Les données montrent que les messages contextuels ont généralement été pris en compte, mais qu’ils ont eu peu d’effet observable sur le comportement des joueurs. L’observation directe de joueurs peut fournir des informations écologiquement valables pour appuyer les approches expérimentales communes par sondage. On y fait aussi quelques suggestions pour mettre en œuvre une procédure.

scholarly journals Pelagic deep-sea fauna observed on video transects in the southern Norwegian Sea

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Neitzel ◽  
Aino Hosia ◽  
Uwe Piatkowski ◽  
Henk-Jan Hoving
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Observation System ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Oceanic Food Webs ◽  
Deep Sea Fauna

AbstractObservations of the diversity, distribution and abundance of pelagic fauna are absent for many ocean regions in the Atlantic, but baseline data are required to detect changes in communities as a result of climate change. Gelatinous fauna are increasingly recognized as vital players in oceanic food webs, but sampling these delicate organisms in nets is challenging. Underwater (in situ) observations have provided unprecedented insights into mesopelagic communities in particular for abundance and distribution of gelatinous fauna. In September 2018, we performed horizontal video transects (50–1200 m) using the pelagic in situ observation system during a research cruise in the southern Norwegian Sea. Annotation of the video recordings resulted in 12 abundant and 7 rare taxa. Chaetognaths, the trachymedusaAglantha digitaleand appendicularians were the three most abundant taxa. The high numbers of fishes and crustaceans in the upper 100 m was likely the result of vertical migration. Gelatinous zooplankton included ctenophores (lobate ctenophores,Beroespp.,Euplokamissp., and an undescribed cydippid) as well as calycophoran and physonect siphonophores. We discuss the distributions of these fauna, some of which represent the first record for the Norwegian Sea.

New record of Munidopsis taiwanica (Decapoda, Anomura) from a mud volcano field in the Mariana Trench, with in-situ observations on habitat

Crustaceana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Dong ◽  
Xinzheng Li
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Mud Volcano ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Mariana Trench ◽  
Squat Lobster ◽  
The World ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Seafloor Sediments ◽  
Squat Lobsters

Squat lobsters are prevalent in chemosynthetic environments but have been insufficiently studied in mud volcano habitats. An abyssal species,Munidopsis taiwanicaOsawa, Lin & Chan, 2008 was recently collected in a mud volcano field in the Mariana Trench at a depth greater than 5000 m, which represents a new distributional record. Its diagnostic characters are presented in this study. In-situ observation suggested thatM. taiwanicawas closely associated with this chemosynthetic environment and probably exhibited camouflage behaviour by attaching seafloor sediments onto its body.Munidopsis taiwanicais the first confirmed species of squat lobster found in the mud volcano environment, and currently represents the deepest record (5491 m) of squat lobsters in the world.

scholarly journals Recall of electronic gaming machine signs: A static versus a dynamic mode of presentation

2007 ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Monaghan ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Electronic Gaming Machines ◽  
Harm Minimization ◽  
Static Mode ◽  
Electronic Gaming Machine ◽  
Gaming Machine ◽  
Gaming Machines

This study compared differences in rates of free and cued recall for messages displayed on electronic gaming machines (EGMs) delivered in one of two display modes: static or dynamic. Rates of recall were investigated in a laboratory setting using 92 university students (75.0% female) with a mean age of 19.3 years (SD = 2.4 years). The static mode consisted of a fixed government-mandated message placed on the frame of an EGM directly next to the gaming buttons. In the dynamic mode, an identical message was presented in the form of a translucent display scrolling across the screen during play. Results showed that significantly more of the information presented in dynamic mode was recalled, and with greater accuracy, in both free recall and cued recall conditions compared with static government-mandated messages. It was concluded that the method of displaying signs influences awareness and recall of harm minimization messages.

scholarly journals What Influences how New Zealanders use Information Displays? An Analysis of Electronic Gaming Machine Records

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shannon Garland Duignan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Electronic Gaming Machines ◽  
Harm Minimisation ◽  
Information Displays ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Electronic Gaming Machine ◽  
Gaming Machine ◽  
Gaming Machines

<p>Electronic gaming machines (slot machines) contribute to problem gambling in New Zealand and worldwide. Information displays are one harm minimisation feature of New Zealand electronic gaming machines that has been investigated in recent years. New Zealand gamblers see two types of displays: interruptive pop-up displays after a set period of time has passed, and elective displays if a player presses an information button. These displays inform the gambler about their current session with the intention that they will facilitate informed decisions about continuing play or quitting. The current study used a week-long set of electronic gaming machine data from across New Zealand to run an exploratory investigation into the utility of these information displays. We first observed that fewer than 2% of pop-up displays resulted in people quitting. On this basis it is unlikely that interruptive pop-up displays are meaningfully reducing harm. Our analysis also revealed timing differences in how pop-up displays are scheduled on machines produced by different manufacturers. The likelihood of quitting on a pop-up was influenced by complex interactions of machine and session characteristics, however these effects were small. Secondly, our investigation of elective displays also identified a low rate of access, indicating they are also unlikely to be working effectively as a harm minimisation tool. Analysis revealed players’ likelihood of accessing an elective display was mostly influenced by the venue type they were in and the manufacturer of the machine. Possible recommendations to improve both types of displays include changes to message content, scheduled timing and visual features.</p>

scholarly journals In situ observation of cracking and self-healing of solid electrolyte interphases during lithium deposition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Yang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Yongfu Tang ◽  
Jingzhao Chen ◽  
Hongjun Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Solid Electrolyte Interphase ◽  
Dendrite Growth ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Directional Growth ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Li Batteries

Abstract The growth of lithium (Li) whiskers is detrimental to Li batteries. However, it remains a challenge to directly track Li whisker growth. Here we report in situ observations of electrochemically induced Li deposition under a CO2 atmosphere inside an environmental transmission electron microscope. We find that the morphology of individual Li deposits is strongly influenced by the competing processes of cracking and self-healing of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). When cracking overwhelms self-healing, the directional growth of Li whiskers predominates. In contrast, when self-healing dominates over cracking, the isotropic growth of round Li particles prevails. The Li deposition rate and SEI constituent can be tuned to control the Li morphologies. We reveal a new “weak-spot” mode of Li dendrite growth, which is attributed to the operation of the Bardeen-Herring growth mechanism in the whisker’s cross section. This work has implications for the control of Li dendrite growth in Li batteries.

Low Temperature Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube on Si substrate Using Alcohol Gas Source in High Vacuum

2007 ◽  
Vol 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Maruyama ◽  
Kenji Tanioku ◽  
Shigeya Naritsuka
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Growth Pressure ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
In Situ Observations

ABSTRACTConventional alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition (ACCVD) growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been carried out under ambient gases from 103 to105 Pa. These ambient gas pressures have prevented in situ observations using an electron beam during CNT growth, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Therefore, in order to realize the in situ observations and to clarify the growth mechanism of nanotube, CNT growth in a high vacuum is essential. In addition, the effects of residual gases also may be avoided in the growth under high vacuum. In this study, we carried out CNT growth under high vacuum using an alcohol gas source in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber and we achieved CNT growth below 400°C without any excitation processes of carbon source. After deposition of Co catalyst of 1 nm in thickness on SiO2/Si substrate, ethanol gas was supplied to the substrate surface through a stainless steel nozzle in the UHV chamber. The growth temperature was monitored by a pyrometer during the growth, and set between 350 and 900°C. The supply of ethanol gas was controlled by monitoring an ambient pressure, which was varied from 1 ∼10-1 to 1 ∼10-4 Pa. The grown CNTs were characterized by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The G/Si intensity ratio reached its maximum at 700°C, when the pressure was 1 ∼10-1 Pa. The maximum point of the G/Si peak intensity shifted to a lower temperature as the growth pressure decreased. When the pressure was 1 ∼10-4 Pa, the G/Si intensity ratio reached its maximum at 400°C, at which clear RBM peaks were observed in the Raman spectrum. From the RBM peaks, the CNT diameters were estimated to be between 0.9 to 1.7 nm, and CNTs of 1.2-1.4 nm in diameter were dominant at 1 ∼10-1 Pa, whereas thinner CNTs (diameter is below 1.0 nm) were increased with the reduction of the pressure. Our largest G/D ratio was about 40 for the sample grown at 1 ∼10-1 Pa, which is considerably larger than the reported value for the CNTs grown under low pressure. From these results, we conclude that the reduction of the growth pressure lowers the growth temperature. This technique can be applied to in situ observation, and may also be useful for low temperature growth of CNTs, which opens new possibilities for the fabrication of CNT based nanodevices.

scholarly journals In Situ Observation on the Effects of Prior Martensite Formation on Nanostructured Low–Temperature Bainite Transformation

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Zhou ◽  
Tingping Hou ◽  
Lang Tao ◽  
Kaiming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Isothermal Holding ◽  
Martensite Plate ◽  
Parent Phase ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Martensite Formation ◽  
Transformation Behavior ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
In Situ Observations

Nanobainite transformation behavior was comparably studied using in situ observations for two heat treatments: With and without partial quenching before isothermal holding at 300 °C. It was found that the prior martensite formation significantly accelerated the rate of the subsequent nanobainite transformation. Bainitic laths formed adjacent to a prior martensite plate and grew up to austenites. Bainite phase also formed both at the grain boundaries of the parent phase and inside the grains. Regarding the growth mode, bainite grows along the longitudinal direction and hardly grows along the lateral direction.

scholarly journals Evaluating Southern Ocean biological production in two ocean biogeochemical models on daily to seasonal timescales using satellite chlorophyll and O<sub>2</sub> / Ar observations

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-695
Author(s):  
B. F. Jonsson ◽  
S. Doney ◽  
J. Dunne ◽  
M. L. Bender
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Drake Passage ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Net Community Production ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Satellite Chlorophyll ◽  
Community Production

Abstract. We assess the ability of ocean biogeochemical models to represent seasonal structures in biomass and net community production (NCP) in the Southern Ocean. Two models are compared to observations on daily to seasonal timescales in four different sections of the region. We use daily satellite fields of chlorophyll (Chl) as a proxy for biomass and in situ observations of O2 and Ar supersaturation (ΔO2 / Ar) to estimate NCP. ΔO2 / Ar is converted to the flux of biologically generated O2 from sea to air (O2 bioflux). All data are aggregated to a climatological year with a daily resolution. To account for potential regional differences within the Southern Ocean, we conduct separate analyses of sections south of South Africa, around the Drake Passage, south of Australia, and south of New Zealand. We find that the models simulate the upper range of Chl concentrations well, underestimate spring levels significantly, and show differences in skill between early and late parts of the growing season. While there is a great deal of scatter in the bioflux observations in general, the four sectors each have distinct patterns that the models pick up. Neither model exhibits a significant distinction between the Australian and New Zealand sectors and between the Drake Passage and African sectors. South of 60° S, the models fail to predict the observed extent of biological O2 undersaturation. We suggest that this shortcoming may be due either to problems with the ecosystem dynamics or problems with the vertical transport of oxygen.

Grain Refinement of Titanium Weld by Heterogeneous Nucleation

2008 ◽  
Vol 580-582 ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Terasaki ◽  
Yuichi Komizo ◽  
Fumihiro Nishino ◽  
Masahiko Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Α Phase ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Cp Ti

Microstructure formation of CP-Ti and TiB reinforced titanium were in-situ observed during the thermal cycle simulated for Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Under the in-situ observation of TiB reinforced titanium, heterogeneous nucleation of α-phase at inclusion was clearly detected and plate growth was shown in high timeresolution. Furthermore, it was observed that grain boundary of β -phase was pinned by the inclusions. Microstructure difference between pure and TiB reinforced titanium was explained based on those in-situ observations.

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