scholarly journals Methods for design flood estimation in South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Smithers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Flood Estimation

scholarly journals Review: Continuous simulation modelling for design flood estimation – a South African perspective and recommendations

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4 October) ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Rowe ◽  
JC Smithers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Continuous Simulation ◽  
Flood Estimation ◽  
Further Development

A number of severe flooding events have occurred both in South Africa and internationally in recent years. Furthermore, changes in both the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events have been documented, both locally and internationally, associated with climate change. The recent loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and associated economic losses caused by flooding, compounded by the probability of increased rainfall variability in the future, highlight that design flood estimation (DFE) techniques within South Africa are outdated and in need of revision. A National Flood Studies Programme (NFSP) has recently been initiated to overhaul DFE procedures in South Africa. One of the recommendations in the NFSP is the further development of a continuous simulation modelling (CSM) system for DFE in South Africa. The focus of this paper is a review of CSM techniques for DFE, to guide further development for application in South Africa. An introduction to DFE, and particularly the CSM approach, is presented, followed by a brief overview of DFE techniques used in South Africa, leading into a more detailed summary of CSM for DFE within South Africa to date. This is followed by a review of the development and application of CSM methods for DFE internationally, with a focus on the United Kingdom and Australia, where methods have been developed with the intention of national scale implementation. It is important to highlight that there is a plethora of CSM methods available internationally and this review is not exhaustive; it focuses on and identifies some of the strengths and weaknesses of several popular methods, particularly those intended for national scale application, as the intended outcome from this review is to identify a path towards the development of a usable national scale CSM system for DFE in South Africa. Emphasis on a usable method is important, considering the reality that, despite promising results, numerous benefits, and national scale methods being developed, it appears that the CSM method for DFE is rarely used in practice.

scholarly journals Development and assessment of rules to parameterise the ACRU model for design flood estimation

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Smithers ◽  
TJ Rowe ◽  
MJC Horan ◽  
RE Schulze
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Hydrological Condition ◽  
Flood Estimation

Design flood estimation (DFE) is essential in the planning and design of hydraulic structures. In South Africa, outdated methods are widely applied for DFE. In this paper the potential of a continuous simulation modelling (CSM) approach to DFE in South Africa, using the daily time-step ACRU agrohydrological model, is investigated. The paper focuses on the links and similarities between the SCS-SA and ACRU models and the subsequent preliminary investigations that were undertaken to account for and incorporate the land cover classes, including land management practices and hydrological condition, of the SCS-SA model into the ACRU CSM approach. The approach to this study was to investigate how design volumes simulated by the SCS-SA model for various land management practices or conditions could be simulated by the ACRU model. Since peak discharge estimation in both models is directly dependent on simulated volumes, this preliminary study focused only on design runoff volumes, with subsequent investigations on peak discharge required in future research. In the absence of observed data, design runoff volumes and changes in design runoff volumes, as simulated by the SCS-SA model, were used as a substitute for observed data, i.e., as a reference, to achieve similar design runoff volumes and changes in design volumes in the ACRU model. This was achieved by adjusting relevant input parameters in the ACRU model to represent the change in management practice or hydrological condition, as represented in the SCS-SA model. Following a sensitivity analysis of relevant ACRU parameters, calibration of 2 selected parameters against SCS-SA CN values for selected land cover classes was performed. A strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.94) between these ACRU parameters and SCS-SA CNs for selected land cover classes was found and consequently specific rules and equations were developed to represent SCS-SA land cover classes in ACRU. Recommendations are made to further validate and verify the approach and to further the development of a CSM system for DFE in South Africa.

Revisiting design flood estimation of Nam River Dam basin considering climate change

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 719-729
Author(s):  
Hyunseung Lee ◽  
Taesam Lee ◽  
Taewoong Park ◽  
Chanyoung Son
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Flood Estimation

scholarly journals Applicability Test of UK Design Flood Estimation Model FEH-ReFH to Korean Namcheon Watershed

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Kim ◽  
So-Ra Ahn ◽  
Cheol-Hee Jang ◽  
Seong-Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Model ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Flood Estimation

scholarly journals Hydrological implications of spatial and altitudinal variation in temperature in the upper Indus basin

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Archer
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Freezing Level ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Flood Estimation ◽  
Seasonal Correlation ◽  
Practical Implications

Runoff in the upper Indus in Pakistan is primarily fed by meltwater from snow and ice. Successful modelling of runoff thus depends on knowledge of the energy inputs for melt, and temperature provides a practical index. In this study, spatial and altitudinal variations in air temperature are investigated using correlation and regression analysis. The high levels of seasonal correlation between widely separated stations and with altitude suggest that conditions over a wide surrounding area and up to the freezing level may be inferred with reasonable reliability from climate stations at the valley level. Investigation of concurrent daily rainfall, temperature and runoff in extreme monsoon incursions shows that precipitation is accompanied by a sharp fall in temperature, reduced ablation and, most frequently, a decrease in river flow. Such temperature reductions have practical implications for short term flood forecasting and for design flood estimation.

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