CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FOOD POISONING1,2

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Large Numbers

Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning in man is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain. The disease usually follows ingestion of food contaminated with large numbers of C. perfringens cells. During the past 3 to 5 years, the role of this organism in food poisoning incidents in the United States has acquired new emphasis as a result of the increasing number of reported outbreaks and the alarming number of cases associated with these outbreaks. In 1968, C. perfringens was responsible for approximately 28% of the food poisoning outbreaks and 49% of the cases, when compared with food poisoning caused by Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Shigella, and Clostridium botulinum. The majority of reported outbreaks and cases resulting from C. perfringens are associated with mass feeding establishments. The most common vehicles are beef and poultry products. The mode of action by which C. perfringens causes food poisoning symptoms is not fully understood. Control of this type of food poisoning must be concerned with prevention of spore germination and/or multiplication of the vegetative cells in cooked foods.

The Preservation of Chesapeake Bay Watercraft

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Naval Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sailing Yacht ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Naval Service ◽  
Maritime Heritage

The logo for this Third Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, the profile of a rakish sailing log canoe superimposed on that of a modern racing sloop, vividly illustrates the difference between the past and the present. Some might say good riddance to the past but there are many good reasons for trying to preserve something of our maritime heritage, not only the larger vessels such as the whaler Charles w. Morgan and the U. S. Corvette Constellation, but the smaller working watercraft as well. Although the Constellation was built in the Bay region, she was designed as a normal ocean-going ship for naval service; she has none of the unique features of Bay naval architecture hence is outside of the scope of this paper. In the days of our grandfathers the Chesapeake Bay region was the home of a multitude of watercraft employed for a wide variety of pursuits from general freighting to crabbing. There were rams, pungies, schooners, sloops, bugeyes, brogans, canoes, bateaux, skiffs, and scows. Of the skiffs alone, it is said that fourteen different designs were recognized on the Bay. While large numbers of these working boats and vessels have disappeared, it is only on Chesapeake Bay, of all the waters of the United States, that a fair variety of local watercraft can be found. Here there is still a chance of preserving for posterity more than isolated examples.

Receiving Mass Casualties at Sea: The Capabilities of the Primary Casualty Receiving Facility

2004 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
G. W. L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mass Casualties ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Seaboard

AbstractExercise Aurora (May-June 2004) off the eastern Seaboard of the United States provided an opportunity, on several occasions, to test the ability of the PCRF to cope with large numbers of “casualties” arriving simultaneously. This article reviews the role of the PCRF, its facilities and capabilities, and how these are currently utilised to handle mass casualties. Some of the valuable lessons identified from Exercise Aurora are briefly discussed.

Food Safety: Problems of the Past and Perspectives of the Future1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 658-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. FOSTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Bacterial Food

Historically, most bacterial food poisoning in the United States is associated with mishandling, either in the home or in the food service establishment. Outbreaks traceable to errors in processing plants are rare. When they do occur they are often associated with changes in processing or packaging technology whose effect is not determined before the product is on the market. Areas of future concern that need research include (1) a better understanding of the mycotoxins; (2) how to minimize Salmonella contamination in animal products; (3) how to prevent, or at least predict, red tides; (4) better bactericidal agents that can be applied to foods; (5) an understanding of the nature and significance of mutagenic agents that are produced in foods during cooking.

POLITICAL ATHEISM: THE SECULARIZATION AND LIBERALIZATION OF AMERICAN PUBLIC LIFE

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID SEHAT
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Public Reason ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Overlapping Consensus ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Past

The United States is a deeply Christian country, but over the last sixty years American public culture has become increasingly detached from religious concerns. Christian activists, when not speaking within the Republican Party, have had to assert their privilege in a way that they never had to do in the past. In spite of their efforts, the role of Christianity in culture and politics has seen a more or less continuous decline. This essay examines how and why that process occurred. It puts forward a schematic narrative that relies on the concepts of public reason, the avant-garde, and an overlapping consensus to explain how different people came together in the mid-twentieth century to secularize and liberalize American public life.

scholarly journals CATHOLICS AND THE 2020 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-312
Author(s):  
Corwin Smidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Political Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Popular Vote ◽  
The Past ◽  
Swing Vote ◽  
Election Process

This article examines the role of Catholics within the 2020 presidential election in the United States. Although Catholics were once a crucial and dependable component of the Democratic Party’s electoral coalition, their vote in more recent years has been much more splintered. Nevertheless, Catholics have been deemed to be an important “swing vote” in American politics today, as in recent presidential elections they have aligned with the national popular vote. This article therefore focuses on the part that Catholics played within the 2020 presidential election process. It addresses the level of political change and continuity within the ranks of Catholics over the past several elections, how they voted in the Democratic primaries during the initial stages of the 2020 presidential election, their level of support for different candidates over the course of the campaign, how they ultimately came to cast their ballots in the 2020 election, and the extent to which their voting patterns in 2020 differed from that of 2016.

scholarly journals Three’s Company: How the US and China’s Complementary Competition is Improving African Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Sai Polineni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
African Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
The U.S

President Obama's and President Xi Jinping's visits to Tanzania — and the associated jubliation and fanfare accompanying them — seem to validate much of what has been written in the past few years of the supposed competition between the United States and China for influence and resources in Africa, with many authors proclaiming that the U.S. was losing this competition. Aside from propagating the idea that Africa is some sort of homogenous collection of people, ideas, and cultures, many of these authors view the role of Africa as primarily an economic battleground in which the U.S and China must battle to determine control while ignoring the fact that the differing strengths and focuses of the American and Chinese economies do not lend themselves to any sort of outright competition in Africa. 

Setting the Regional Agenda: A Critique of Posthegemonic Regionalism

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Petersen ◽  
Carsten-Andreas Schulz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Regional Agenda ◽  
New Phase

AbstractThere is a growing scholarly consensus that Latin American regionalism has entered a new phase. For some observers, the increasing complexity of regional cooperation initiatives renders collective action ineffective. For others, the creation of new schemes signals a “posthegemonic” moment that has opened a space for collaboration on social issues. Both camps attribute this shift to the absence of the United States and the presence of left-leaning governments. By contrast, this study demonstrates that this agenda is not new, nor has the United States impeded similar initiatives in the past. In fact, the United States was instrumental in expanding regional cooperation on social issues in the early twentieth century. Instead, this article argues that agenda shifts are best explained by an evolving consensus about the role of the state. The “new agenda” is in line with historical attempts by governments to use regionalism to bolster their own domestic reforms.

The Whigs' America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Pearson ◽  
Dick Gilbreath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Role Of The State

This book is about politics, exploring the general outlook of a group of Americans called Whigs. The Whigs were one of the two great political parties in the United States between the years 1834 and 1856, battling their opponents the Jacksonian Democrats for offices, prestige, and power. This book explores how Whiggish Americans understood human nature, society, and the role of the state, and explains how they reflected on the past and anticipated the future. A Whig worldview resonated with a vast array of future-looking people in large cities and small villages, in factories and on farms, and in the varied state houses across the country, as well as the in halls of Congress. The Whig Promise attracted those Americans seeking middle-class achievement, community, and meaning through collaborative effort and self-control in a world growing more and more impersonal.

Food Poisoning Due to Clostridium perfringens in the United States

1983 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. X. Shandera ◽  
C. O. Tacket ◽  
P. A. Blake
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The United States

When Someday Is Today: Carrying Forward the History of Old Age and Inheritance into the Age of Medicaid

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Case
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Elder Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Old Age

This review essay of Hendrik Hartog's (2012) Someday All This Will Be Yours undertakes a brief overview of some of the massive changes in middle‐class planning for old age and inheritance in the United States over the course of the past century, focusing on the increased role of the state as a source of funding and regulation, the rise of the elder law bar, and the resulting new tools and motives for the transfer of property in exchange for care in the age of Medicaid.

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