RADIKALISME AGAMA: REKONSTRUKSI PENAFSIRAN JIHAD DAN ISLAM YANG RAHMAT LIL ‘ALAMIN

This paper describes radicalism or the notion of a sect that wants social and political change or reform by means of violence, an understanding that refers to certain groups, who want and make changes to religious values ​​that are considered contrary to their understanding. Among the ideologies they profess is to disbelieve all those who commit immorality, those in power who do not follow Allah's law, to disbelieve in the clergy and ordinary people who have different views, to disbelieve in those who accept their thoughts but are reluctant to become followers and are reluctant to make promises (pledges) of allegiance to them. The priest, as for if the congregation leaves the group then it is considered apostate. Understand radicalism or extremism which most experts call the puritans, jihadists. Such understanding does not exist without the underlying causes. The underlying factors are: unemployment and poverty, munkar and polytheism, understanding wrong religious teachings, not understanding the rules of maslahah and mafsadah, unstable political and security conditions, ignorance, being less selective in absorbing information, excessive religious enthusiasm, following lust and leave the scholars and jihad out of their mission.

Did Volcanoes Accelerate the Fall of Chinese Dynasties?

After analyzing ice cores and historical documents, researchers found a link between eruptions and political change in China over the past 2 millennia.

Vietnam – A general study of the triangulation toward change social movements, economic development, and political changeover

This thesis aims to study the political change taking place in Vietnam. The analysis was based on a thorough systematic review, including the main articles and data on the topic. The analytic perspective adopted was that of polyarchy, which acted as a lens subsequently used to answer two questions. First: What are the points of contact between economic development, political liberalization, and civil society? And second: What political factors lead to the consideration of Vietnam as a polyarchy?

Recognition and Redistribution in Aristotle’s Account of Stasis

In Politics 5.1–3, Aristotle sees different conceptions of proportional equality and justice as the fundamental causes of stasis and metabolē (constitutional change). His account shows what happens to notions of ‘particular’ justice when they become causes of individual and collective action in pursuit of moral and political revolution. The whole discussion of the causes of stasis should be read through the filter of individual/group motivation – as a reflection of what goes on in the heads of those who engage in stasis. Movements towards political change are motivated by ingrained conceptions of proportional equality and fair distribution of honour and wealth. Aristotle’s approach, therefore, may be compared to Axel Honneth’s, that social justice should be seen in terms of the distribution of dignity and respect as well as of material resources.

Effect of social media in political change in Sudan

This study is entitled (Effect of social media in political change in Sudan - A field study from the point of view of activists in the movement in the state of Khartoum 2021 Type of study: Descriptive study is the methodology used is the survey method. Objectives of the study: Disclosure of the reasons that make the Sudanese citizen accept the use of social media and Identification of the most important means of social communication used by members of the study, to know the impact of social media in the political change in Sudan. The most important results: the use of social media by activists has led to the response and conviction of the users of the Sudan need for political change. The study showed that ignoring members of the ruling power of the influence of social media helped the political change in Sudan. confirmed the study members on the impact of the use of social media by users has helped to detect the types of corruption within the members of the ruling authority in Sudan The study showed that the means of social communication was able to highlight the names of opponents of the policy of the ruling power, who convinced the recipients with the inevitability of change.

Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty

Political disagreement is a fact of life. Such conflict can prompt people to stand for public office and seek to realise political change. Others take a different route; they start their own country. Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty is the first comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of people purporting to secede and create their own country. It analyses why micronations are not states for the purposes of international law, considers the factors that motivate individuals to separate and found their own nation, examines the legal justifications that they offer and explores the responses of recognised sovereign states. In doing so, this book develops a rich body of material through which to reflect on conventional understandings of statehood, sovereignty and legitimate authority. Authored in a lively and accessible style, Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty will be valuable reading for scholars and general audiences.