VARIATIONS OF SOMATIC CELLS AND NEUTROPHILS IN MILK THROUGHOUT LACTATION1

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Duttschaever ◽  
G. C. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Neutrophil Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Neutrophil Percentage ◽  
Differential Cell

Total and differential cell counts were obtained for alternate weekly morning and evening milk from 11 Holstein cows in six different lactations. Milk from quarters suspected of mastitis were examined for presence of pathogens. Weekly cell counts for each cow showed large variations throughout lactation. The neutrophil count closely paralleled the total cell count. The average neutrophil percentage varied from 65 to 96%. No relationship was observed between cell count or type and length of lactation, age of cow, and milk yield. In addition to mastitis, unspecified stresses seemed to cause irregular sudden increases in somatic cells. Except during severe stresses, total cell counts were about 200,000 per milliliter, of which 65 to 90% were neutrophils.

scholarly journals Reproducibility, Validity, and Responsiveness of Cell Counts in Blown Nasal Secretions

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. ar.2011.2.0006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parameswaran Nair ◽  
Sarah Goodwin ◽  
Frederick E. Hargreave
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Differential Cell ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Cell counts in nasal secretions are not used in routine clinical practice to decide on anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial therapy. This study investigated the reproducibility, reliability (validity), and responsiveness of cell counts in blown nasal secretions with a view to implementing this in routine clinical practice. Nasal secretions were obtained from 19 subjects with allergic rhinitis on 3 days in random order (each separated by 1–2 days) by spontaneously blowing their noses (on 2 days) and by a nasal lavage by the modified Grunberg method on the 3rd day. Total and differential cell counts were performed after dispersing the solutions with dithiothreitol as described previously. At the end of the study, subjects had 1 week of open label treatment with nasal corticosteroids if they had nasal eosinophilia or an antibiotic if they had nasal neutrophilia. If the cell counts were normal, they were not treated. The proportion of eosinophil (%) was highly reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], 0.93), and the total cell count (X106/g) and the proportion of neutrophil (%) were modestly reproducible in blown nasal secretions (ICC, 0.46 and 0.55, respectively). The total cell count was consistently and significantly higher in the blown nasal secretions. The proportion of eosinophils (Rs = 0.4; p < 0.05) and neutrophils (Rs = 0.6; p < 0.05) showed modest correlation in the two types of samples. The responsiveness index for eosinophil count was 4.0 and for neutrophil count was 1.5. Total and differential cell counts can be reliably and reproducibly obtained from spontaneously blown nasal secretions. The cell counts are responsive to treatment and can help identify allergic and infective rhinosinusitis and guide therapy and are easy to implement in routine clinical practice.

The cell count of cow's milk and the micro-organisms cultured from the milk

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Differential Cell ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci

SummaryTotal and differential cell counts were made on a total of 26272 quarter samples of foremilk taken at fortnightly intervals from cows in the Institute herd during the 12 years 1953–1965, and the samples were also examined bacteriologically.The average cell count in each lactation up to the 7th was calculated.The average total cell count of samples from which no staphylococci, streptococci or coliform organisms were isolated increased from the 1st to the 7th lactations from 0·19 to 0·60 million cells/ml, and from the 2nd lactation onwards the increase was due entirely to an increase in the number of polymorphs. With infected samples, however, changes in the average total cell count were caused by changes in the numbers both of polymorphs and of cells other than polymorphs.The average total cell count of samples from which coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated varied between 0·58 and 1·00 million/ml throughout the 7 lactations. For samples from which coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated the cell count varied between 0·72 and 4·94 million/ml, the highest average total cell count occurring in the 5th lactation.The average total cell count of samples from which streptococci were isolated varied between 1·48 and 4·62 million cells/ml, the highest value occurring in the 2nd lactation.

The variation in the cell count of cow's milk throughout lactation and from one lactation to the next

1966 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Differential Cell ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci ◽  
Number Of Cells

SummaryTotal and differential cell counts were obtained for approximately 38000 fore-milk samples taken from cows of the Institute herd during a period of 12 years.For most of the period of the experiment the incidence of subclinical mastitis associated with coagulase-positive staphylococci was about 5% of all the quarters in milk, but for a period of about 12 months in the 7th and 8th year of the experiment the herd was free from infection with coagulase-positive staphylococci.The average cell count for cows in each lactation up to the 7th was calculated, and in addition each lactation was divided into 4 equal periods, and the average cell count for each period determined.It was found that the average total cell count increased from one lactation to the next, and that this rise was due mainly to an increase in the number of polymorphs in the samples, the counts of cells other than polymorphs remaining relatively constant.It was also found that the average total cell count rose during the course of any one lactation; but this was due to an increase in both the number of polymorphs and the number of cells other than polymorphs.During the period when the herd was free from infection with coagulase-positive staphylococci the average lactation age of the cows was 4·3 lactations, and the average total cell count was 0·30 million cells/ml, a figure which was the same as that obtained throughout the experiment for animals in their 1st lactation.Possible relationships between the rise in cell counts and the pathology of mastitis are discussed.

569. A comparison of the diagnostic value of the total and differential cell counts of bovine milk

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Blackburn ◽  
Constance M. Laing ◽  
D. F. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Differential Cell

Total and differential cell counts were obtained for 1710 samples of milk taken from cows in which the stage of lactation was known. A bacteriological examination of the samples was also made. The total and differential cell counts considered together showed no marked advantage over the total cell count alone in the diagnosis of mastitis, except in milk of late lactation.

scholarly journals Persistent Sputum Cellularity and Neutrophils May Predict Bronchiectasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Drost ◽  
Liesel D’silva ◽  
Ryan Rebello ◽  
Ann Efthimiadis ◽  
Frederick E Hargreave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Retrospective Survey ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans

BACKGROUND: Quantitative cell counts in sputum provide an accurate assessment of the type and severity of bronchitis.OBJECTIVE: To examine whether sputum cell counts could identify bronchiectasis in patients with recurrent bronchitis.METHODS: A retrospective survey of a clinical database (January 2004 to January 2005) of quantitative cell counts from sputum selected from expectorate in patients with obstructive airways diseases was used to identify predictors of bronchiectasis using ROC curves. This was prospectively evaluated (February 2005 to April 2008) using high-resolution computed tomography scans of thorax that were independently scored by a radiologist who was blinded to the clinical details.RESULTS: The retrospective survey identified 41 patients with bronchiectasis among 490 patients with airway diseases. Total cell count of 60×106/g or greater of the selected sputum with predominant neutrophils on two occasions had a sensitivity of 86.7%, a specificity of 87.5%, and positive and negative predictive values of 93% and 78%, respectively, to identify bronchiectasis. In the prospective study, 10 of 14 (71%) patients who met these criteria were identified to have bronchiectasis. Both total cell count and the percentage of neutrophils correlated with radiographic bronchiectasis severity.CONCLUSIONS: Persistent or recurrent intense sputum cellularity with neutrophilia is suggestive of bronchiectasis.

scholarly journals Sputum Neutrophilia Can Mask Eosinophilic Bronchitis During Exacerbations

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 281-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesel D’silva ◽  
Christopher J Allen ◽  
Frederick E Hargreave ◽  
Krishnan Parameswaran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Sputum Eosinophilia ◽  
Eosinophilic Bronchitis ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Before And After

BACKGROUND: Exacerbations of airway disease are eosinophilic, neutrophilic, both or neither. The primary objective of the present study was to identify whether the treatment of a neutrophilic bronchitis can unmask an associated eosinophilia.METHODS: A retrospective survey of 2160 consecutive sputum cell counts from 1343 patients with airway disease was conducted to identify patients with an isolated neutrophilic bronchitis, which was defined as a sputum total cell count of greater than or equal to 12×106cells/g of sputum and a proportion of neutrophils of 80% or greater. The characteristics of the patients who subsequently demonstrated sputum eosinophilia (3% or greater) within eight weeks of resolving the neutrophilia were compared with the patients who subsequently did not have sputum eosinophilia.RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-seven patients had 273 neutrophilic exacerbations. The sputum was re-examined within eight weeks in 65 patients (27.4%), of whom 38 (58.5%) had resolution of the neutrophilic bronchitis after treatment with an antibiotic. Of these 38 patients, 13 (34%) showed eosinophilia.CONCLUSIONS: A neutrophilic exacerbation of airway disease was observed to mask sputum eosinophilia in one-third of patients who had sputum cell counts available before and after antibiotic therapy. Hence, the absence of sputum eosinophilia during an infective exacerbation should not be used as an indication to reduce the dose of corticosteroids. To optimize therapy, repeat sputum cell count measurements are recommended after antibiotic treatment before changing corticosteroid treatment.

Bronchoalveolar cell differential count and the number of asbestos bodies correlate with survival in patients with asbestosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 765-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eerika Keskitalo ◽  
Laura Varis ◽  
Risto Bloigu ◽  
Riitta Kaarteenaho
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Differential Count ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Cell Pattern ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Differential Counts

ObjectivesTo determine cell differential counts and the number of asbestos bodies (ABs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from patients with asbestosis, and to correlate the results with their survival.MethodsThe BAL cell differential counts and ABs from 91 patients with asbestosis were determined. The BAL cell differential counts were analysed in relation to smoking status. BAL cell differential counts and the number of ABs were correlated with the patients’ survivals.ResultsA neutrophilic cell pattern was observed independently of smoking habits with both Papanicolau (8.4%) and May-Grunwald-Giemsa (6.5%) staining. Smoking and a high number of ABs (>2 AB/mL) were associated with high total cell counts and high macrophage and low lymphocyte differential counts. The median survival of the patients was 131.8 months. Shortened survival was associated with high numbers of ABs (78 vs 165 months; p=0.042) and low lymphocyte (77 vs 179 months; p=0.005), high neutrophil (102 vs 180 months; p=0.016) and high eosinophil (104 vs170 months; p=0.007) differential counts.ConclusionA neutrophilic cell pattern was evident in BAL from patients with asbestosis. Smoking and ABs both affected the total cell count and the macrophage and lymphocyte differential counts. Several BAL parameters associated with patient survival, suggesting that BAL cell count analyses could be used in the estimation of the prognosis of patients with asbestosis.

681. The chemical composition and the cell count of milk

1957 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Waite ◽  
P. S. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts

1. The mixed evening and morning milk from 360 cows, all sampled six times during their lactation, was analysed chemically and for its cell content. A total and a differential cell count were made. Similar analyses were made on 823 samples of farm milk taken at a receiving creamery.2. The total cell counts varied from less than 10,000 to 5,000,000/ml. and there was considerable variation in the chemical composition of samples containing similar numbers and types of cells.3. The proportion of polymorph cells in the total count increased rapidly with increasing total count.4. Stage of lactation had little effect on the number of cells present in the milk, but samples from cows in very early and very late lactation had been avoided. The total cell count was lowest from the 70th to 130th day of lactation with a tendency to rise after the 130th day.5. Both the total and the polymorph cell counts of the milk increased sharply with the lactation number of the cow until the seventh lactation and then remained at a fairly constant level.6. As the total cell count increased to an average value of 500,000/ml. there was a fall in the daily yield of milk per cow and a marked fall (0·25%) in solids-not-fat content. The latter was the result of a steady drop in the lactose content, the casein content being affected only by counts approaching 1,000,000/ml. An increasing cell count was without effect on the fat content. Possible reasons for the relatively small effect on chemical composition of high cell counts in some milks is discussed.7. It is concluded that the presence of subclinical mastitis, as evidenced by the cell count of the milk, leads to a lowering of the solids-not-fat content.The authors wish to thank their assistants in the Technical Chemistry and Veterinary Pathology Departments, who did most of the practical work.

scholarly journals Faster Evaluation of Contaminated Surfaces for Mould Inspections by Tape Sampling

2021 ◽  
pp. 516-522
Author(s):  
Meider J ◽  
Messal C
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Common

Taking a tape-lift sample is one of the main practices used by indoor environmental quality investigators for detecting whether mould structures (for example, spores and hyphae) have either settled onto or colonized the surface. Despite the popularity of the method, there can be significant inconsistency in how tape lifts are collected and evaluated. The common ASTM standard D7910-14: Practice for the Collection of Fungal Material from Surfaces by Tape Lift, describes the correct way to collect a tape-lift sample. Using ASTM D7658-17: Standard Test Method for Direct Microscopy of Fungal Structures from Tape, semi-quantitative results in percentage of infested area in a scale from 0 up to 5 are available only. In case histories or for mould removal control, the total cell count is needed. This cannot be realized by the ASTM method. Therefore, an innovative method is asked to combine the quickness of taping and the precision of total cell count. Our research team developed two methods to quickly and fully quantify the tape samples. Regarding the assessment criteria, the user can decide to operate with the 3-LINE method to achieve the highest precision or use the faster 3-STEP method for even better results. Therefore, an innovative method is asked to combine the quickness of taping and the precision of total cell count. The aim of the work is to develop two strategies to quickly and comprehensive quantify the tape samples.

Cell function in the bovine mammary gland: a preliminary study on interdependence of healthy and infected udder quarters

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roswitha Merle ◽  
Anke Schröder ◽  
Jörn Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Differential Cell Count ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Differential Cell ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Udder defence mechanisms are not completely explained by current mastitis research. The anatomical construction of the udder implies that infection of one udder quarter does not influence the immune status of neighbouring quarters. To test this hypothesis, we compared the immune reactions of individual udder quarters in response to microbial attacks. In the course of immune reactions, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) release oxygen radicals, which can be determined by chemiluminescence (CL). Milk from 140 udder quarters of 36 cows was analysed for somatic cell count (SCC), differential cell count, viability and CL activity. Quarters with an SCC <100000 cells/ml and free of pathogens were defined as uninfected, all other quarters were categorized as infected. Three groups of cows were classified cytologically: group A (healthy, 11 animals, SCC limit <100000 cells/ml); group B (moderate mastitis, 8 cows, SCC [ges ]100000 and <400000 cells/ml in at least one quarter); and group C (severe mastitis, 17 cows, SCC [ges ]400000 cells/ml in at least one quarter). Infected and uninfected quarters in groups B and C were analysed separately. Viability of PMN leucocytes was significantly (P=0·0012) lower in group A (72·6%) than in healthy quarters of group C (84·0%). Lowering the SCC limit of healthy quarters to <50000 cells/ml (group A: all quarters within the udder) revealed striking differences between samples of groups B and C: in addition to varying differential cell counts and viabilities, CL activity of group B<50 (2929 CL units/million PMN) was markedly lower than that of the other groups (5616 in group A<50 and 6445 CL units/million PMN in group C<50). These results allow the conclusion that the infection of one udder quarter influences the cell activity of neighbouring quarters. When the SCC threshold for healthy quarters was reduced to 50000 cells/ml, greater differences in cell activities were detected between healthy udders and healthy quarters of infected udders.

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