Inhibition of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Corn by Ammonium and Sodium Bicarbonate

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS J. MONTVILLE ◽  
PEI-LING SHIH
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Griseofulvum

This study sought to determine if ammonium and sodium bicarbonate inhibit the naturally-occurring fungi in corn. Addition of 1 and 2% ammonium bicarbonate into cracked corn caused 5.9- and 5.1-log CFU/g reductions, respectively, of corn's natural mycoflora. The same level of sodium bicarbonate produced 1.2- and 2.0-log CFU/g reductions. In addition, ammonium bicarbonate fully inhibited monocultures of Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium graminearium, and Penicillium griseofulvum inoculated into autoclaved corn. Sodium bicarbonate was not as inhibitory but reduced the production of ochratoxin A 100-fold.

Ammonium Bicarbonate Inhibition of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Spoilage Yeasts

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. DEPASQUALE ◽  
ANWAAR EL-NABARAWY ◽  
JOSEPH D. ROSEN ◽  
THOMAS J. MONTVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Potassium Bicarbonate ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Spoilage Yeasts ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

Sodium bicarbonate inhibits growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. This survey determined that other mycotoxigenic fungi were also sensitive to bicarbonates. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium chloride were added to buffered or unbuffered potato-dextrose agar to determine the bicarbonate effect on growth and morphology of six mycotoxigenic fungi. Three nonmycotoxigenic fungi and four yeast species were also examined. Ammonium bicarbonate at 0.11M completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium tricinctum NRRL 13442, F. tricinctum NRRL 13426, F. graminearum NRRL 5883, F. sporotrichioides NRRL 3249, Penicillium griseofulvum NRRL 989, Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174, A. flavus NRRL 1957, A. niger, and P. notatum. Sodium chloride and pH elevated through the use of ampso-NaOH, capso-NaOH, or glycine-NaOH buffer did not display an inhibitory effect on the filamentous fungi examined. Buffered ammonium sulfate treatments (pH approximately 9.0) completely inhibited all of the mycotoxigenic fungi, but at pH 5.6, ammonium sulfate treatments were not inhibitory. Sodium bicarbonate (0.11M) was effective only against P. griseofulvum, A. flavus NRRL 1957, A. niger, and P. notatum, causing viability reductions of 5.6, 3.7, 4.9, and 2.9 log cycles, respectively. Potassium bicarbonate was generally as inhibitory as the sodium salt. In contrast, elevated pH, alone, appeared to account for the >6 log reduction observed for the yeasts Lipomyces starkeyi, Geotrichum candidum, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Debaryomyces hansenii.

scholarly journals Activity of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate to inhibit Asergillus ochraceus on culture media and detoxification of ochratoxin A in poultry diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halima Z. Hussein ◽  
Mneer Saed Al-Baldawy ◽  
Rakib. A. Hamed
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Similar Reduction

AbstractThe study was conducted to evaluate the activity of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate to inhibit Aspergillus ochraceus on culture media and reduce ochra toxin A in poultry diet. It was found that addition of acetic acid into PDA medium 0.2%, 0.5% and 4% could reduce A ochraceus growth by 90.22%, 98.77and 100%, respectively. Similar reduction in A ochraceus growth was obtained on PDA containing sodium bicarbonate that attained to 81%, 91.5%, and 100% at 4%, 2% and 5% concentrations, respectively. Results showed that addition of acetic acid at 0.5% and sodium bicarbonate at 1% could reduce ochre A mycotoxin by 65.7% and 43.6%, respectively in the first month and then reached to 100% in the second month for the two compounds.

scholarly journals Mycobiota and Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin in Indian Spices Confirmed by LC-MS/MS

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punam Jeswal ◽  
Dhiraj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Penicillium Citrinum ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Qualitative Detection ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Natural Incidence

Nine different Indian spices (red chilli, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, cumin, fennel, caraway, fenugreek, and dry ginger) commonly cultivated and highly used in India were analysed for natural occurrence of toxigenic mycoflora and aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and citrinin (CTN) contamination.Aspergillus flavusandAspergillus nigerwere the most dominant species isolated from all types of spices. Red chilli samples were highly contaminated with aflatoxins (85.4%) followed by dry ginger (77.7%). 56%Aspergillus flavusfrom red chilli and 45%Aspergillus ochraceusfrom black pepper were toxigenic and produced aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively. Qualitative detection and quantitative detection of mycotoxins in spices were analyzed by ELISA and further confirmed by LC-MS/MS.Penicillium citrinumproduced citrinin in red chilli, black pepper, coriander, cumin, fenugreek, and dry ginger samples. The highest amount of AFs was found in red chilli (219.6 ng/g), OTA was in black pepper (154.1 ng/g), and CTN was in dry ginger samples (85.1 ng/g). The results of this study suggest that the spices are susceptible substrate for growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and further mycotoxin production. This is the first report of natural occurrence of citrinin in black pepper and dry ginger from India.

Bioproduction of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid by members of the Aspergillus ochraceus group

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Ciegler
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fluorescent Derivatives

Various strains of species belonging to the Aspergillus ochraceus group (A. ochraceus, A. sclerotiorum, A. alliaceus, A. ostianus, A. melleus, and A. sulphureus) can produce two mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and penicillic acid, on liquid media and in cereal grains. The quantity of each toxin produced is influenced by temperature; low temperature (10 and 20C) favor penicillic acid synthesis and higher (28C), ochratoxin A production. Generally penicillic acid is produced in yields about one to three magnitudes greater than ochratoxin A. A simple fluorodensitometric method for concomitant quantitative analysis of the two toxins has been developed based on conversion of penicillic acid and ochratoxin A to fluorescent derivatives by treatment with ammonia fumes.

Genetic relationships among Brazilian strains of Aspergillus ochraceus based on RAPD and ITS sequences

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 985-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro ◽  
Marciane Magnani ◽  
Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas ◽  
Patrícia Cristina Vissotto ◽  
Márcia Cristina Furlaneto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin that has been found in coffee beans and coffee beverages. Its toxicological profile includes carcinogenicity, nephrotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Aspergillus ochraceus is the major species responsible for OA production in Brazilian coffee beans. The genetic relationships among 25 A. ochraceus strains collected from Brazilian coffee-bean samples were determined based on RAPD and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data. The isolates were resolved into 2 distinct groups, one with 4 strains (group A) and the other with 21 strains (group B). Specific nucleotide variations characterizing group A and B were found for both ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Group B is a new group proposed here to accommodate the majority of the Brazilian isolates. Each group was found to contain both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains, indicating that there is no association between molecular genotypes and the ability to produce OA.Key words: Aspergillus ochraceus, ochratoxin A, ITS region (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2), RAPD.

scholarly journals Production of Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus Isolated in Japan from Moldy Rice

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikio Yamazaki ◽  
Yukio Maebayashi ◽  
Komei Miyaki
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus

Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis of the ochratoxigenic fungus Aspergillus westerdijkiae

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia M Mata ◽  
Marta H Taniwaki ◽  
Beatriz T Iamanaka ◽  
Daniele Sartori ◽  
André L.M Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Insertional Mutagenesis ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Aspergillus Westerdijkiae ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

Aspergillus westerdijkiae is a potent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer that has been found in coffee beans. OTA is known to have nephrotoxic effects and carcinogenic potential in animal species. Here we report for the first time the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for Aspergillus westerdijkiae and the generation of ochratoxin-defective mutants. Conidia were transformed to hygromycin B resistance using strain AGL-1 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The obtained transformation frequency was up to 47 transformants per 106 target conidia. Among 600 transformants, approximately 5% showed morphological variations. Eight transformants with consistently reduced OTA production were obtained. Two of these transformants did not produce OTA (detection limit: 0.1 µg/kg); the other six mutants produced lower amounts of OTA (1%–32%) compared with the wild-type strain. By using thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction, we successfully identified a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide monooxygenase gene.Key words: Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis, ochratoxin A.

Rapid Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Determining Aflatoxin Bi, Ochratoxin A, and Zearalenone in Corn

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-585
Author(s):  
Ivan Balzer ◽  
Čedo Bogdanić ◽  
Stjepan Pepeljnjak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Chloroform Extraction ◽  
Tlc Plates

Abstract A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic method is described for the analysis of corn. Aflatoxins are extracted from the samples with acetonitrile-water, and sodium bicarbonate is added to separate the acidic ochratoxin from zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. After chloroform extraction, 1/V NaOH is added to separate zearalenone and aflatoxin B1# The separated mycotoxins are spotted on TLC plates, which are then examined under ultraviolet light. The following recoveries ( % ) were obtained for corn samples: aflatoxin B1 71, ochratoxin A 87, and zearalenone 85. The limits of detection for the respective mycotoxins were 2, 40, and 200 ppb.

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