Fungal Colonization of Corn Grown in Nebraska in Relation to Year, Genotype and Growing Conditions1

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1084-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGUSTIN A. ARINO ◽  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Dry Land

Kernels of several corn hybrids, grown in test plots and harvested in 1990 and 1991, were assayed for internal fungal infection on DGl8 and CZID agars. Acremonium spp. And Fusarium spp. were the predominant fungi isolated from the kernels. Fusarium moniliforme was the Fusarium spp. most frequently detected (nearly 80% of isolates), followed by Fusarium proliferatum (c.a. 15% of isolates). Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium gaminearum and other Fusarium spp. showed very low frequencies of isolation. Corn harvested in 1990 and analyzed after 1-year storage showed higher infection by Fusarium spp. than corn collected in 1991. The incidence of Acremonium spp. and Fusarium spp. differed significantly (p<0.01) among corn hybrids, and consistently higher kernel colonization by Fusarium spp. occurred in corn hybrids planted in dry-land plots.

Fumonisin Producing Capacity of Fusarium Strains Isolated from Cereals in Spain

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 915-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. SALA ◽  
V. SANCHIS ◽  
P. VILARO ◽  
R. VILADRICH ◽  
M. TORRES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Fusarium Poae ◽  
Fusarium Heterosporum ◽  
Fusarium Tricinctum

A total of 147 Fusarium spp., predominantly from the section Liseola were isolated from cereals in Catalonia, Spain. Fusarium moniliforme was the predominant species (85.7%) isolated from these grains. Other species·included Fusarium sporotrichoides, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium tricinctum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium anthophilum and Fusarium subglutinans. The ability of these isolates and species to produce fumonisin B1 and B2 was assessed on moist sterile corn. This showed that about 34% of the strains from the section Liseola produced both fumonisin B1 and B2 although the quantities varied considerably. One isolate of F. subglutinans was demonstrated to produce both fumonisin B1 and B2.

scholarly journals Effect of time of harvest on the incidence of Fusarium spp. in kernels of silage corn

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen G. Xue ◽  
Baoluo L. Ma ◽  
Randall M. Clear ◽  
Bernard J. Vigier
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Time Of Harvest ◽  
Isolated Species

Abstract The effect of time of harvest (at 75, 50 and 25% of milkline) on the incidence of kernel-borne Fusarium spp. was examined in four silage corn (Zea mays) hybrids (MAIZEX Leafy 4, NK BRAND Enerfeast 1, PIONEER 37M81 and MYCOGEN TMF94) in Ottawa, Ontario, in 2001 and 2002. Eleven Fusarium species were isolated over the 2 yr. Fusarium subglutinans was the dominant species recovered from 28.8% of the kernels. Other frequently isolated species included F. oxysporum (2.6%), F. graminearum (2.5%), F. proliferatum (0.3%) and F. sporotrichioides (0.2%). Trace amounts (< 0.1%) of the remaining six species, F. avenaceum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. equiseti and F. solani, were recovered from the kernels. When the kernels were harvested at 75, 50 and 25% of milkline, the incidence of F. subglutinans increased from 20.9 to 26.7 and to 38.7%, respectively; that of F. graminearum increased from 1.7 to 2.9 and to 3.1%; and for the total of the five main Fusarium species it increased from 28.7 to 32.2 and to 42.3%. Incidence of the other species was not affected by harvesting date. Of the four silage corn hybrids, NK BRAND Enerfeast1 had a significantly lower incidence of Fusarium species in kernels than the other hybrids, indicating a genotypic variation in resistance to kernel-borne infection by Fusarium species.

Fumonisin Production in Corn by Toxigenic Strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES W. BACON ◽  
PAUL E. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

The fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg produce a series of toxins on corn which include the fumonisins of which fumonisin B1 and B2 are considered to have cancer promoting activity. Both fungi produce similar ratios of the fumonisins B1 to B2. Other mycotoxins produced include moniliformin, fusarin C and fusaric acid. Fumonisin B1 has been shown to be responsible for most of the toxicological affects observed from ingesting corn infected by toxigenic isolates of these fungi. The distribution of the two fungi is generally similar, although F. proliferatum is isolated more frequently from sorghum than corn. They occur worldwide on other food crops, such as rice, sorghum, millet, several fruits and vegetables. Both fungi are ear rot pathogens of corn, thus, mycotoxin production occurs under field conditions, although it also may occur in storage. One or both fungi may have a frequency of occurrence of 90% or higher in corn; 90% of the F. moniliforme isolates produce the fumonisins. On corn and corn products the range of concentrations reported is 0.3 to 330 μg/g of corn-based product. These concentrations include both corn-based animal feed and human foods.

scholarly journals The Reaction of some Maize Hybrids, Created at ARDS TURDA, to Fusarium spp. Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Laura ȘOPTEREAN ◽  
Loredana SUCIU ◽  
Ana Maria VĂLEAN ◽  
Felicia MUREŞANU ◽  
Carmen PUIA
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Resistance Reaction

The most important disease of maize in Romania are stalk and ear rot, which caused yield losses in average of 20%. The resistant hibrids represent one of the most efficient solution for reducing the field loses caused by Fusarium spp. on the maize (Nagy et al., 2006). Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. can affect the yield and grain quality of maize because of contamination with numerous mycotoxins produced by these fungi (Czembor et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper was to know more about the reaction of different maize hybrids to Fusarium and the evaluating the effect of ear rot on the yield ability and mycotoxins accumulation. The experiments carried out at ARDS Turda, during four years (2012-2015). The biological material was represented by 8 hybrids, from different maturity groups, tested in two infection conditions with Fusarium spp. (natural and artificial infections). The temperature and rainfalls of the four years of experiments corresponding to the vegetation of maize (april-september) are influenced favourably the pathogenesis of stalk and ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. and a good discrimination of the resistance reaction of genotypes. Fusarium ear rot has significantly affected production capacity and chemical composition of corn hybrids tested. In conditions of artificial infection with Fusarium spp. was a decrease in the content of starch, fat and increased protein content compared with artificially inoculated variants. The quantity of fumonizin B1+B2 has reached to 5630 μg/kg in conditions of artificial infection. There are negative correlations between production capacity and degree of attack of fusarium ear rot; depending on the reacting genotypes tested increasing disease causes production decrease. The response of maize hybrids to Fusarium infection is influenced by infection and climatic conditions. These factors affect production both in terms of quantity and quality and accumulation of mycotoxins.

Cereal crop volatile organic compound induction after mechanical injury, beetle herbivory (Oulema spp.), or fungal infection (Fusarium spp.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 168 (9) ◽  
pp. 878-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Piesik ◽  
Dariusz Pańka ◽  
Kevin J. Delaney ◽  
Agata Skoczek ◽  
Robert Lamparski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Volatile Organic

Mycofloral Succession and Viability Losses in Pigeon pea Seed in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
P. R. Hepperly ◽  
R. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Total Fungi

Using the cellulose pad and potato dextrose agar (PDA) assays, twenty three fungi were found on pigeonpea seed in Puerto Rico. In the PDA assay, Botryodiplodia theobromae was the most common (29%). On cellulose pads, the same fungus was not very common (7%). PDA assay favored increased detection of Alternaria tenuissima, Phomopsis sp., and total fungi compared with cellulose pads. Cellulose pads favored detection of Cladosporium sp. In both assays, incidences of B. theobromae, Fusarium spp., and total fungi were negatively correlated with seed germination. Measurements for seedlot germination were highly correlated (r = 0.77**) between the two assays. The influences of seed type and delayed harvest on pigeonpea seed viability were studied. Pigeonpeas "28-Bushy," with large tan seeds, showed reduced seed viability and higher incidence of B. theobromae and Fusarium spp. compared with segregants of the same cultivar with small flattened hard red seed. A 3-week delayed harvest drastically increased incidence of B. theobromae, Fusarium spp., and total fungi, and reduced germination in "Kaki" pigeonpeas from Santa Isabel. Pigeonpea seed viability and mycoflora were followed before and after farm storage. Incidences of Fusarium spp., Phomopsis sp., Cladosporium sp., and B. theobromae after storage were 15, 26, 30, and 38% of their respective prestorage values. Incidence of species of Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Aspergillus increased during storage. Although less than 3% Aspergillus spp. was detected in the cellulose pad assay at 27° C, 28 to 92% was detected when seed were incubated at 35° C using pigeonpea seed extract in 2% agar. With the Aspergillus selective assay, seed viability losses during storage were highly correlated with incidence of Aspergillus spp. (r = 0.96**). Aspergillus incidence in the cellulose pad assay was not associated with storage losses in seed germination (r = 0.18 NS). Emergence and fungal colonization of pigeonpea seed were dependent on soil moisture. Pigeonpea seed did not emerge at either 25 or 100% soil moisture holding capacity (SMHC). Optimum emergence was found at 50% SMHC. Pythiaceous fungi were predominent on seed at and above 75% SMHC, whereas Aspergillus spp. predominated at 50% SMHC or less. Mixed populations of the two were visible at 50 and 75% SMHC.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans Produce Immunomodulatory Prostaglandins

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2957-2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairi C. Noverr ◽  
Susan M. Phare ◽  
Galen B. Toews ◽  
Michael J. Coffey ◽  
Gary B. Huffnagle
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Chemokine Production ◽  
Prostaglandin Production

ABSTRACT Enhanced prostaglandin production during fungal infection could be an important factor in promoting fungal colonization and chronic infection. Host cells are one source of prostaglandins; however, another potential source of prostaglandins is the fungal pathogen itself. Our objective was to determine if the pathogenic yeastsCryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicansproduce prostaglandins and, if so, to begin to define the role of these bioactive lipids in yeast biology and disease pathogenesis. C. neoformans and C. albicans both secreted prostaglandins de novo or via conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid. Treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors dramatically reduced the viability of the yeast and the production of prostaglandins, suggesting that an essential cyclooxygenase like enzyme may be responsible for fungal prostaglandin production. A PGE series lipid was purified from both C. albicans and C. neoformans and was biologically active on both fungal and mammalian cells. Fungal PGEx and synthetic PGE2 enhanced the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans. Furthermore, in mammalian cells, fungal PGEx down-modulated chemokine production, tumor necrosis factor alpha production, and splenocyte proliferation while up-regulating interleukin 10 production. These are all activities previously documented for mammalian PGE2. Thus, eicosanoids are produced by pathogenic fungi, are critical for growth of the fungi, and can modulate host immune functions. The discovery that pathogenic fungi produce and respond to immunomodulatory eicosanoids reveals a virulence mechanism that has potentially great implications for understanding the mechanisms of chronic fungal infection, immune deviation, and fungi as disease cofactors.

scholarly journals Multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhanced fungal colonization and suppressed innate immune response to fungal infection in nematodes

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumaila Shakoor ◽  
Lingmei Sun ◽  
Dayong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

MWCNTs require the involvement of p38 MAPK signaling pathway to enhance toxicity of fungal infection.

Fumonisin B1 Production and Growth of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum on Maize, Wheat, and Barley Grain

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Marin ◽  
N. Magan ◽  
J. Serra ◽  
A.J. Ramos ◽  
R. Canela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum
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