Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Serovars Associated with a Citrus-Processing Facility Implicated in a Salmonellosis Outbreak†

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICKEY E. PARISH
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bufo Terrestris ◽  
Processing Facility ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
Enrichment Techniques ◽  
Fruit Surface

A salmonellosis outbreak occurred during the summer of 1995 among individuals who consumed nonpasteurized orange juice from a Florida citrus-processing facility. Clinical isolates were identified by the Centers for Disease Control as Salmonella serovars Hartford, Gaminara, and Rubislaw. At the processing facility, 70 samples (equipment swabs, fruit surface swabs, juice, and miscellaneous environmental samples) were collected before, during, and after processing runs on two different dates. Bottled juice samples from eight previous extraction dates were also collected. Total plate counts, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated for each sample. Analyses for Salmonella cells were conducted on all juice samples, fruit surface swabs, environmental samples, and selected equipment swabs using direct enrichment and pre-enrichment techniques. Salmonella serovars Hartford, Rubislaw, Saintpaul, and Newport were detected from either juice, unwashed fruit surfaces, or amphibians (Hyla cinerea and Bufo terrestris) captured outside the processing building. Salmonella cells in juice were associated with population levels of fecal coliforms and E. coli above the upper most probable number (MPN) limits of detection (>110/ml).

Comparison of a Rapid Plate Count and MPN Methods for Enumeration of Fecal Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Soft-Shell Clams

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1197-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUADALUPE R. GARCIA ◽  
ROBERT E. HAYMOND ◽  
DIANE M. SPRAGUE ◽  
EMMA R. SINGLETON ◽  
JAMES T. PEELER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Rapid Procedure ◽  
Soft Shell ◽  
Plate Count Method

A direct elevated temperature plate count method utilizing modified fecal coliform agar with rosolic acid (ETPC/mFC) was compared to 5-tube and 3-tube most probable number (MPN) procedures for its accuracy in enumerating fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in naturally and artificially contaminated soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). The results indicated that the extent of overall recovery of fecal coliforms was similar in the two methods tested. Therefore, the ETPC/mFC method may be considered as a rapid procedure for fecal coliform screening during depuration of soft-shell clams.

Comparison of culturable fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli enumeration in freshwaters

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Garcia-Armisen ◽  
Josué Prats ◽  
Pierre Servais
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity

Fecal coliforms (FC) counts were compared with Escherichia coli counts in differently contaminated freshwater samples (n = 166). FC were enumerated by plate count on triphenyl 2,3,5-tetrazolium chloride Tergitol medium. Escherichia coli were enumerated by the most probable number microplate method based on the detection of glucuronidase activity. FC and E. coli counts were highly correlated; an average E. coli/FC ratio equal to 0.77 was found, meaning that on average, 77% of FC were E. coli. Knowing the E. coli/FC ratio allows us to convert the historical microbiological quality data expressed in FC counts into E. coli abundance and thus to compare with present and future monitoring data that are (or will be) based on E. coli enumeration.

Rapid Enumeration and Identification of Stressed Fecal Coliforms

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDMUND M. POWERS ◽  
THOMAS G. LATT
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Rapid Enumeration ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
Subsequent Identification

A rapid (72 h) method for enumeration and subsequent identification of fecal coliforms is described. The procedure consists of plating a food suspension in an agar-repair medium (trypticase soy agar pour plates preincubated at 35 C for 2 h, then overlaid with violet red bile agar) incubated at 45.5 C. Fecal coliforms can be enumerated within 24 h and then confirmed as Escherichia coli within 48 h by subculturing typical colonies to an 1M ViC agar plate. Feasibility and applicability of the procedure were demonstrated by comparing the efficiency of recovery of both stressed and non-stressed cells on the agar repair medium with conventional agar and liquid most-probable-number media.

Comparison of Methods for Estimation of Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms and Enterococci in Retail Ground Beef

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. PIERSON ◽  
B. S. EMSWILER ◽  
A. W. KOTULA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Type I ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Probable Number

Seven recommended methods for estimation of coliforms, three for fecal coliforms and four for enterococci were tested on 30 retail ground beef samples. Lauryl sulfate tryptose broth gave higher coliform counts than did MacConkey's broth or brilliant green lactose bile broth 2% in 3-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) methods. With all MPN broths, coliforms counts were significantly (P ⩽0.05) higher after 48 than after 24 h of incubation. Presumptive coliform counts were higher with surface-overlay plating on violet red bile agar than with pour plating on the same agar or with the MPN broths. However, presence of Escherichia coli Type I was not confirmed as often from the agar medium as the broths. For estimation of fecal coliforms, counts did not differ significantly (P ⩽0.05) between EC broth (45.5 C) and brilliant green lactose bile broth 2% (44 C). Enterococci counts varied significantly (P ⩽0.05) among the four methods.

Use of real-time PCR with propidium monoazide for enumeration of viable Escherichia coli in anaerobic digestion

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1243-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Ruike ◽  
Atsushi Higashimori ◽  
Junichi Yaguchi ◽  
Yu-you Li
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Propidium Monoazide ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli

A combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR) was optimized to enumerate only viable Escherichia coli in anaerobic digestion processes. Repeating the PMA treatment twice and a final concentration of 100 μM resulted in an effective exclusion of DNA from heat-treated E. coli cells. In three anaerobic digestion processes, real-time PCR, PMA-qPCR, and the most probable number method (MPN) were used to estimate the numbers of total, viable, and culturable E. coli cells, respectively. Culturable concentrations of fecal coliforms were also measured by the membrane filter method. For thermophilic digestion, the reductions in total and viable E. coli cells from the digester influent to the effluent were significantly lower than those in culturable cells and fecal coliforms by two to four orders of magnitude. For mesophilic digestion, the differences in the reductions in E. coli and fecal coliforms counts were less than two orders of magnitude. Based on the measurements of viable E. coli determined by the PMA-qPCR method, the microbial quality of digester effluents was discussed for agricultural application, and pasteurization after anaerobic digestion was suggested for the destruction of viable pathogens.

Modified most-probable-number technique for the specific determination of Escherichia coli from environmental samples using a fluorogenic method

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Carmen Balebona ◽  
Miguel A. Moriñigo ◽  
Roberto Cornax ◽  
Juan J. Borrego ◽  
Valeria M. Torregrossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Specific Determination

scholarly journals Lessons from a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections: insights into the infectious dose and method of widespread contamination of hamburger patties

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. TUTTLE ◽  
T. GOMEZ ◽  
M. P. DOYLE ◽  
J. G. WELLS ◽  
T. ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Patties ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Microbiological Testing

Between November 1992 and February 1993, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections occurred in the western USA and was associated with eating ground beef patties at restaurants of one fast-food chain. Restaurants that were epidemiologically linked with cases served patties produced on two consecutive dates; cultures of recalled ground beef patties produced on those dates yielded E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 strains indistinguishable from those isolated from patients, confirming the vehicle of illness. Seventy-six ground beef patty samples were cultured quantitatively for E. coli O157[ratio ]H7. The median most probable number of organisms was 1·5 per gram (range, <0·3–15) or 67·5 organisms per patty (range, <13·5–675). Correlation of the presence of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 with other bacterial indicators yielded a significant association between coliform count and the presence of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 (P=0·04). A meat traceback to investigate possible sources of contamination revealed cattle were probably initially colonized with E. coli O157[ratio ]H7, and that their slaughter caused surface contamination of meat, which once combined with meat from other sources, resulted in a large number of contaminated ground beef patties. Microbiological testing of meat from lots consumed by persons who became ill was suggestive of an infectious dose for E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 of fewer than 700 organisms. These findings present a strong argument for enforcing zero tolerance for this organism in processed food and for markedly decreasing contamination of raw ground beef. Process controls that incorporate microbiological testing of meat may assist these efforts.

scholarly journals Mechanically Ventilated Broiler Sheds: a Possible Source of Aerosolized Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (23) ◽  
pp. 7417-7425 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Chinivasagam ◽  
T. Tran ◽  
L. Maddock ◽  
A. Gale ◽  
P. J. Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT This study assessed the levels of two key pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, along with the indicator organism Escherichia coli in aerosols within and outside poultry sheds. The study ranged over a 3-year period on four poultry farms and consisted of six trials across the boiler production cycle of around 55 days. Weekly testing of litter and aerosols was carried out through the cycle. A key point that emerged is that the levels of airborne bacteria are linked to the levels of these bacteria in litter. This hypothesis was demonstrated by E. coli. The typical levels of E. coli in litter were ∼108 CFU g−1 and, as a consequence, were in the range of 102 to 104 CFU m−3 in aerosols, both inside and outside the shed. The external levels were always lower than the internal levels. Salmonella was only present intermittently in litter and at lower levels (103 to 105 most probable number [MPN] g−1) and consequently present only intermittently and at low levels in air inside (range of 0.65 to 4.4 MPN m−3) and once outside (2.3 MPN m−3). The Salmonella serovars isolated in litter were generally also isolated from aerosols and dust, with the Salmonella serovars Chester and Sofia being the dominant serovars across these interfaces. Campylobacter was detected late in the production cycle, in litter at levels of around 107 MPN g−1. Campylobacter was detected only once inside the shed and then at low levels of 2.2 MPN m−3. Thus, the public health risk from these organisms in poultry environments via the aerosol pathway is minimal.

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