Enumeration of Brettanomyces in Wine Using Impedance

Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a wine spoilage concern in wineries around the world. In order to maintain wine quality during storage and ageing, it is imperative to control and monitor this yeast. Being a fastidious slow growing yeast, which requires 5 to 14 days of incubation for visible growth in agar plates, it is difficult to detect growth (colonies) by conventional agar plate count method. Yeast enumeration by impedance was investigated because previous research using other microorganisms has shown that it is potentially faster than plate counting. The relationship between plate counting and impedance detection times was investigated for Brettanomyces inoculated in red wine samples. A linear relationship between log plate count concentrations and impedance detection times was found. Incubation time was reduced from 120 h down to 0.9 and 57.7 h for samples with 6.7 × 107 and 1.8 × 102 cfu/mL, respectively, using the ‘indirect’ impedance method. The ‘direct’ method also reduced the incubation times to 9.5 and 81.9 h, for the same concentrations. The ‘indirect’ impedance method has the potential to be used by the wine industry to control and monitor the Brettanomyces numbers in wines.

KAJIAN CEMARAN MIKROBIOLOGIS CILOK DAN SAUS KACANG DI KOTA SURAKARTA

Cilok was a traditional food originating from Bandung and comes from the abbreviation of "Aci dicolok". As the name implies, a snack made from tapioca flour mixed with condiment and sometime using meat or fish fillet. It was tasty and chewy. Cilok has quietly different from meatball because meatball using wheat flour. Cilok usually consumed using a sauce made from crushed peanuts, sugars, salt, mixed with chili sauce, tomato sauce, or soy sauce which can be modified as you want. Recently, cilok sales in the city of Surakarta have become increasingly popular. In almost every corner we can find cilok sellers. This study aims to determine the level of microbiological contamination found in cilok and peanut sauce in Surakarta. The research method used was simple random sampling method from 5 districts in Surakarta. The number of contaminants was calculated by the direct plate count method. The tests performed were to determine the total plate count (ALT), total Staphylococci, total Salmonella shigella, and total coliforms of the cilok and also for the sauce. As for the cilok sample, the average log value of ALT was 6.57 - 7.97 log CFU / g, total Staphylococci 4.57 - 4.96 log CFU / g, Salmonella shigella was 0.53 - 1.23 log CFU / g, and total coliforms 1.00 - 2.26 log CFU / g. Peanut sauce sample, the average log value of ALT was 7.40 - 8.18 log CFU / g, total staphylococci 5.84 - 6.68 log CFU / g, total Salmonella shigella was 2.24 - 3.23 log CFU / g, and Escherichia coli 2.35 - 5.79 log CFU / g. From the test results of the peanut sauce and peanut sauce samples, it can be concluded that the peanut sauce and peanut sauce sold in Surakarta are still not suitable for consumption.

POTENSI INFUSA DAUN NANGKA SEBAGAI OBAT KUMUR HERBAL

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji potensi daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) sebagai obat kumur herbal dengan melihat jumlah pertumbuhan koloni bakteri rongga mulut sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan infusa daun nangka. Daun nangka berwarna hijau muda yang diperoleh dari Babadan, Banguntapan, Bantul dibuat simplisia. Penentuan potensi dilakukan dengan menentukan perbedaan jumlah pertumbuhan koloni bakteri rongga mulut sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan infusa daun nangka. Uji potensi infusa daun nangka sebagai obat kumur dilakukan dengan menghitung perbedaan jumlah koloni bakteri rongga yang diperoleh dengan melakukan swab pada pangkal lidah sebelum dan sesudah berkumur. Perhitungan koloni bakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode hitung cawan (total plate count) pada media plate count agar (PCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata jumlah koloni bakteri sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan infusa daun nangka yaitu 1,78 x 107 CFU/mL dan 7,71 x 106 CFU/mL. Perlakuan pemberian obat kumur infusa daun nangka secara signifikan mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri rongga mulut. Infusa daun nangka berpotensi sebagai alternatif obat kumur herbal. THE POTENCY OF JACKFRUIT LEAF INFUSION AS A HERBAL MOUTHWASHThis study was conducted to examine the potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves as a herbal mouthwash by identifying the growth of bacterial colonies in the oral cavity before and after gargling with jackfruit leaf infusion. The light green jackfruit leaves obtained from Babadan, Banguntapan, Bantul were made simplicia. The determination of potency was done by determining the difference in the number of bacterial colony growth in the oral cavity before and after gargling with jackfruit leaf infusion. The potential test of jackfruit leaf infusion as a mouthwash was carried out by calculating the difference in the number of cavity bacterial colonies obtained by swab at the base of the tongue before and after gargling. Bacterial colonies were counted using the total plate count method on plate count agar (PCA) media. The results showed that the average number of bacterial colonies before and after rinsing with jackfruit leaf infusion was 1.78 x 107 CFU/mL and 7.71 x 106 CFU/mL. The treatment of giving jackfruit leaf infusion mouthwash was significantly able to reduce the number of bacterial colonies in the oral cavity. Jackfruit leaf infusion has the potential as an alternative to herbal mouthwash.

Dinamika Populasi Mikroba Tanah dan Respon Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.) Terhadap Aplikasi Amelioran Pupuk Organik

(Article History: Received March 4, 2021; Revised March 31, 2021; Accepted April 7, 2021) ABSTRAKPemanfaatan kembali limbah pertanian sebagai pupuk organik memiliki prospek yang baik dalam meningkatkan produktivitas lahan melalui perbaikan sifat biologi tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efek pemberian amelioran pupuk organik dari limbah jagung (Zea mays L.) terhadap peningkatan jumlah populasi mikroba tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dengan tiga kali ulangan: AA (Amelioran pupuk organik jagung 40 kg/ha), AB (Amelioran pupuk organik jagung 80 kg/ha), UR (Urea 40 kg/ha), dan K (tanpa amelioran atau urea). Perhitungan jumlah koloni mikroba tanah menggunakan metode hitungan cawan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan amelioran pupuk organik berpengaruh signifikan terhadap populasi mikroba tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung pada parameter tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun. Perlakuan amelioran pupuk organik jagung tidak menunjukkan pengaruh terhadap diameter batang. Kata kunci: Amelioran; mikroba tanah; pupuk organik; Zea mays L. ABSTRACTThe reuse of agricultural waste as organic fertilizer has good prospects in increasing land productivity by improving soil biological properties. The aims of this study was to analyze the effect of using ameliorant organic fertilizer application from corn waste to increase the number of soil microbial populations and the growth of maize plants (Zea mays L.). The method was using CRD (Complete Random Design), which consist of 4 treatments with three repetitions: AA (Ameliorant corn organic fertilizer 40 kg/ha), AB (Ameliorant corn organic fertilizer 80 kg/ha), UR (Urea 40 kg/ha), and K (without ameliorant or urea). Calculation of the number of soil microbials colonies was using the plate count method. The results showed that the treatment of ameliorant organic fertilizer had a significant effect on soil microbials population and growth of maize on the parameters of plant height and number of leaves. The treatment of organic fertilizer ameliorant showed no effect on stem diameter.Keywords: Ameliorant; Soil microbes; Organic fertilizer; Zea mays L.

Assessment of Shelf Life and Quality of Biofertilizers using Tricalcium Phosphate as an Anticaking Agent and Aluminium Silicate as the Inert Carrier

Background: Bio-fertilizers are the substances which contain living microorganisms, when applied to soil, seeds and plant root these fertilizers increases soil fertility and promote growth of the plant. Biofertilizers help plants to utilize important mineral resources, phosphorous and nitrogen. Microorganisms like Rhizobacteria, fungi and algae which provide nutrient to the soil and which are produced commercially are known as biofertilizers. The microorganisms which present in biofertilizers are Rhizobium species, Pseudomonas species and Azospirillum species etc. These biofertilizers have potential to replace conventional chemical fertilizers. The quality of biofertilizers is utmost important as they have to be used by farmers and should work well when applied to the soil. It should not form clumps after preparation. In this study, anticaking property provided by tricalcium phosphate (TCP) to individual biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Azospirillum respectively (each separately) was studied. Methods: In our study, we have used serial dilution and direct count method (CFU) for checking viability of live microorganism for 15, 30 and 90 days duration in respective biofertilizers in our laboratory. Different percentage viz 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was used in addition to aluminium silicate as an inert carrier.Conclusion: Our study has validated that all percentage (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is reducing clump formation as compared to control with no TCP added. On the basis of plate count method (CFU result) 10% TCP is found to be optimum to be used as an anticaking agent for biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Azospirillum respectively.

Application of the Micro Biological Survey analytical method for the determination of bacterial load in cow raw milk

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of “Micro Biological Survey – MBS Test” in the enumeration of bacterial load in cow raw milk. The MBS test is based on a colorimetric method recently developed and patented by “Roma Tre” University, Italy. The evaluation of the performance of the MBS method was carried out by comparison with plate count at 30°C (gold standard) and flow cytometry. Thirteen independent set of experiments were performed analyzing a total of 104 samples of cow raw milk with the selected methods. Results obtained using the MBS method are comparable with those obtained with the plate count method at 30°C (CFU/mL) and flow cytometry technology; in particular, the results obtained with the MBS method are very close to plate count’s at 30°C. On the other hand, there are statistically significant differences between these two methods’ and flow cytometry technology’s results that could be due to the different experimental conditions.

Application of Nanosystems Synergized by Optics and Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Sports Rehabilitation Diseases

With the rapid development of sports in my country, many athletes will have mild or severe diseases. Physical rehabilitation can improve their physical pain, and some more serious diseases require optical and chemotherapy treatments. This article mainly studies the application of nanosystems that cooperate with optical and chemotherapy in the treatment of sports rehabilitation diseases. In the experiment, the bacteria-infected mice in the wound were divided into 5 groups (n = 4), and the mouse wound model was made. After that, the number of bacteria remaining in the wound was determined by the plate count method. At the same time, a cytotoxicity test was performed, and a control experiment was performed on the cell culture of the polymer at a concentration below the VCR and CMC values. The final sections were used for tissue analysis of serine and epoxy staining. It was found from the experimental data that the cumulative release of free CLB molecules within 3 hours almost reached 100%, and its rapid release was attributed to its small molecular size. In contrast, the release of CLB-HDH micelles in 3 h is 62%, which has a certain relaxation effect. The results showed that CLB-HDH micelles significantly inhibited tumor growth, had good safety in vivo, and had low systemic toxicity. CLB-HDH micelles provide new ideas for efficient CLB tumor treatment.

EFEK AROMATERAPI MINYAK ATSIRI MAWAR (Rosa damascena MILL.) DAN KULIT JERUK LIMAU (Citrus amblycarpa) TERHADAP JUMLAH MIKROBA UDARA RUANGAN BERPENDINGIN

Energy, material, and or other components were entered to the air by activities of human could cause air quality down to a specific level that could affect human health. The bacteria in the human oral cavity such as Staphylococcus sp. were found in the air during common activities such as coughing, sneezing, and speaking. The research aimed to assess the influence of the combination of oils essential of Rosa damacena and leather oil of Citrus amblycarpa against a decline in the total of microbes on air-conditioned rooms. The method of the research was used the evaporation of aromatherapy and plate count method. The results were showed that P3 with the concentration of oils essential of R. damacena 2% and leather oil of C. amblycarpa 5% most effective could decrease the total of microbes with an average of 72.5%. Organoleptic, relative density, refractive index, solubility in 90% ethanol, and acid number analysis of Rosa damacena and Citrus amblycarpa leather essential oils met the Indonesian National Standard requirements except for the acid number of leatherlime essential oil and the optical rotation of rose essential oil. It is concluded that the combination of oils essential R. damacena and leather oil of C. amblycarpa could reduce the total of microbes on air-conditioned rooms.