Comparative Efficacy of Seven Hand Sanitizers against Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, and GII.4 Norovirus†

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2232-2238 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEUN WOO PARK ◽  
LESLIE BARCLAY ◽  
DAVID MACINGA ◽  
DUANE CHARBONNEAU ◽  
CHARLES A. PETTIGREW ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Fecal Extract ◽  
Virucidal Efficacy

Contaminated hands or inanimate surfaces can act as a source of infection during outbreaks of human norovirus infection. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of seven hand sanitizers containing various active ingredients, such as ethanol, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, and compared their effectiveness against feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and a GII.4 norovirus fecal extract. We also tested the efficacy of 50, 70, and 90% of ethanol and isopropanol. Reduction of viral infectivity was measured by plaque assay, and the number of genomic copies was determined with a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. Based on the results of a quantitative suspension test, only one ethanol-based product (72% ethanol, pH 2.9) and one triclosan-based product (0.1% triclosan, pH 3.0) reduced the infectivity of both MNV and FCV (by >2.6 and ≥3.4 log units, respectively). Four of the seven products were effective against either MNV or FCV, whereas chlorhexidine was ineffective against both viruses. For these hand sanitizers, no correlation was found between reduced infectivity and decline of viral RNA. Ethanol and isopropanol concentrations ≥70% reduced the infectivity of MNV by ≥2.6 log units, whereas 50 and 70% ethanol reduced the infectivity of FCV by ≥2.2 log units after exposure for 5 min. The susceptibility of FCV to low pH and the relative high susceptibility of MNV to alcohols suggest that both surrogate viruses should be considered for in vitro testing of hand sanitizers.

Survival and Transfer of Murine Norovirus 1, a Surrogate for Human Noroviruses, during the Production Process of Deep-Frozen Onions and Spinach

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1590-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEEN BAERT ◽  
MIEKE UYTTENDAELE ◽  
MATTIAS VERMEERSCH ◽  
ELS VAN COILLIE ◽  
JOHAN DEBEVERE
Keyword(s):  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Onion Bulbs ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Demineralized Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Spinach Leaves

The reduction of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) on onions and spinach by washing was investigated as was the risk of contamination during the washing procedure. To decontaminate wash water, the industrial sanitizer peracetic acid (PAA) was added to the water, and the survival of MNV-1 was determined. In contrast to onions, spinach undergoes a heat treatment before freezing. Therefore, the resistance of MNV-1 to blanching of spinach was examined. MNV-1 genomic copies were detected with a real-time reverse transcription PCR assay in PAA-treated water and blanched spinach, and PFUs (representing infectious MNV-1 units) were determined with a plaque assay. A ≤1-log reduction in MNV-1 PFUs was achieved by washing onion bulbs and spinach leaves. More than 3 log PFU of MNV-1 was transmitted to onion bulbs and spinach leaves when these vegetables were washed in water containing approximately 5 log PFU/ml. No decline of MNV-1 occurred in used industrial spinach wash water after 6 days at room temperature. A concentration of 20 ppm of PAA in demineralized water (pH 4.13) and in potable water (pH 7.70) resulted in reductions of 2.88 ± 0.25 and 2.41 ± 0.18 log PFU, respectively, after 5 min of exposure, but no decrease in number of genomic copies was observed. No reduction of MNV-1 PFUs was observed on frozen onions or spinach during storage for 6 months. Blanching spinach (80°C for 1 min) resulted in at least 2.44-log reductions of infectious MNV-1, but many genomic copies were still present.

scholarly journals Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Human Norovirus GII.4 and Murine Norovirus 1 in Viral Suspensions, on Stainless Steel Discs, and in Lettuce Wash Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 7572-7578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Leen Baert ◽  
Dongsheng Zhang ◽  
Ming Xia ◽  
Weiming Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Grape Seed Extract ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr

ABSTRACTThe anti-norovirus (anti-NoV) effect of grape seed extract (GSE) was examined by plaque assay for murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), cell-binding reverse transcription-PCR for human NoV GII.4, and saliva-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human NoV GII.4 P particles, with or without the presence of interfering substances (dried milk and lettuce extract). GSE at 0.2 and 2 mg/ml was shown to reduce the infectivity of MNV-1 (>3-log PFU/ml) and the specific binding ability of NoV GII.4 to Caco-2 cells (>1-log genomic copies/ml), as well as of its P particles to salivary human histo-blood group antigen receptors (optical density at 450 nm of >0.8). These effects were decreased as increasing concentrations of dried milk (0.02 and 0.2%) or lettuce extract were added. Under an electron microscope, human NoV GII.4 virus-like particles showed inflation and deformation after treatment with GSE. Under conditions that simulated applications in the food industry, the anti-NoV effect of GSE using MNV-1 as a target organism was shown to be limited in surface disinfection (<1-log PFU/ml, analyzed in accordance with EN 13697:2001). However, a 1.5- to 2-log PFU/ml reduction in MNV-1 infectivity was noted when 2 mg of GSE/ml was used to sanitize water in the washing bath of fresh-cut lettuce, and this occurred regardless of the chemical oxygen demand (0 to 1,500 mg/ml) of the processing water.

scholarly journals Inactivation and UV Disinfection of Murine Norovirus with TiO2 under Various Environmental Conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 2111-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JungEun Lee ◽  
KyungDuk Zoh ◽  
GwangPyo Ko
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Stool Suspension

ABSTRACT We studied inactivation and UV disinfection of murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for human norovirus. We investigated the effects of different surface characteristics, temperatures, and NaCl concentrations on MNV survival using both a plaque assay and a real-time TaqMan reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. MNV survived more than 40 days on diaper material, on gauze, and in a stool suspension. Compared to inactivation at lower temperatures (−20 and 4°C), inactivation of MNV was greater at higher temperatures (18 and 30°C). On the surface of both gauze and diaper material, there was a <2-log10 reduction in the amount of infectious MNV in 40 days after incubation at both −20 and 4°C, compared to a >5-log10 reduction after incubation at 30°C in 24 days. MNV survived better in a stool suspension than on the surface of gauze or diaper material. A higher salt concentration increased the rate of inactivation of MNV. In 72 h, <0.3-, 1.5-, and 2.5-log10 reductions in the amount of infectious MNV occurred in distilled water and 0.5 and 1 M NaCl, respectively. We observed only minor reductions in the numbers of viral RNA copies as quantified by real-time TaqMan RT-PCR regardless of the temperature, the salt concentration, or the suspending medium. We also evaluated UV disinfection of infectious MNV with and without TiO2. The amount of MNV was significantly reduced by 254-nm UV with and without TiO2. When 25 mJ/cm2 UV was used, 3.3- and 3.6-log10 reductions in the amounts of infectious MNV occurred with and without TiO2, respectively. Our results demonstrate that MNV can persist in various environmental conditions and can be efficiently controlled by UV disinfection.

scholarly journals Saxifraga spinulosa-Derived Components Rapidly Inactivate Multiple Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Takeda ◽  
Toshihiro Murata ◽  
Dulamjav Jamsransuren ◽  
Keisuke Suganuma ◽  
Yuta Kazami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Gallocatechin Gallate

Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus (IAV), and norovirus (NV) are highly contagious pathogens that threaten human health. Here we focused on the antiviral potential of the medicinal herb, Saxifraga spinulosa (SS). Water-soluble extracts of SS were prepared, and their virus-inactivating activity was evaluated against the human virus pathogens SARS-CoV-2 and IAV; we also examined virucidal activity against feline calicivirus and murine norovirus, which are surrogates for human NV. Among our findings, we found that SS-derived gallocatechin gallate compounds were capable of inactivating all viruses tested. Interestingly, a pyrogallol-enriched fraction (Fr 1C) inactivated all viruses more rapidly and effectively than did any of the component compounds used alone. We found that 25 µg/mL of Fr 1C inactivated >99.6% of SARS-CoV-2 within 10 s (reduction of ≥2.33 log10 TCID50/mL). Fr 1C resulted in the disruption of viral genomes and proteins as determined by gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and reverse transcription–PCR. Taken together, our results reveal the potential of Fr 1C for development as a novel antiviral disinfectant.

Attachment of Noroviruses to Stainless Steel and Their Inactivation, Using Household Disinfectants

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARYLINE GIRARD ◽  
SOLANGE NGAZOA ◽  
KIRSTEN MATTISON ◽  
JULIE JEAN
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Elution Buffer ◽  
The Impact

The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the impact of pH and relative humidity on the attachment of norovirus (NoV) to fomites and (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of different household disinfectants on NoV attached to fomites. Plaque assay and/or real-time reverse transcription PCR assay were used to determine the amount of murine and human NoV attached to stainless steel disks, i.e., the amount removed by sonication in elution buffer but not by surface rinses with water only. An enzymatic pretreatment was used for both human and murine NoV before the real-time reverse transcription PCR assay to avoid detection of RNA associated with inactivated virus. For both murine and human NoV, maximum attachment was obtained after a contact time of 10 min. Attachment of NoV to stainless steel does not appear to be affected by pH, although murine NoV was less attached (&lt;2 log units) at pH 9 and at low relative humidity (25%) than was human NoV (3 log units). Sodium hypochlorite (3%) was the most effective disinfectant, producing a greater than 3-log reduction after 10 min compared with less than a 1-log reduction after treatment with quaternary ammonium compounds and ethoxylated alcohols. Murine NoV was more sensitive than human NoV to disinfectants by approximately 1 to 2 log units. These results will help improve strategies for decontaminating surfaces harboring NoV and thus reduce the incidence of illness caused by these pathogens in the food sector and domestic environments.

scholarly journals Detection of Murine Norovirus 1 by Using Plaque Assay, Transfection Assay, and Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR before and after Heat Exposure

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Baert ◽  
Christiane E. Wobus ◽  
Els Van Coillie ◽  
Larissa B. Thackray ◽  
Johan Debevere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The correlation between the detection of murine norovirus 1 RNA by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and the infectivity by plaque assay before and after heat exposure (80°C) was examined. No correlation was found in the current study. Moreover, heat inactivation had a much stronger detrimental effect on virus infectivity than on the integrity of the viral genome.

Recovery and Disinfection of Two Human Norovirus Surrogates, Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus, from Hard Nonporous and Soft Porous Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1842-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS YEARGIN ◽  
ANGELA FRASER ◽  
GUOHUI HUANG ◽  
XIUPING JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Porous Surfaces

Human norovirus is a leading cause of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through many routes, including environmental exposure to fomites. In this study, both the recovery and inactivation of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV), on hard nonporous surfaces (glass) and soft porous surfaces (polyester and cotton) were evaluated by both plaque assay and reverse transcription quantitative PCR method. Two disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (8.25%) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP, at 4.25%) were evaluated for disinfection efficacy. Five coupons per surface type were used to evaluate the recovery of FCV and MNV by sonication and stomaching and the disinfection of each surface type by using 5 ml of disinfectant for a contact time of 5 min. FCV at an initial titer of ca. 7 log PFU/ml was recovered from glass, cotton, and polyester at 6.2, 5.4, and 3.8 log PFU/ml, respectively, compared with 5.5, 5.2, and 4.1 log PFU/ml, respectively, for MNV with an initial titer of ca. 6 log PFU/ml. The use of sodium hypochlorite (5,000 ppm) was able to inactivate both FCV and MNV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection on all three surface types. AHP (2,656 ppm) inactivated FCV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection for all three surface types but achieved minimal inactivation of MNV (0.17 to 1.37 log PFU/ml). Reduction of viral RNA by sodium hypochlorite corresponded to 2.72 to 4.06 log reduction for FCV and 2.07 to 3.04 log reduction for MNV on all three surface types. Reduction of viral RNA by AHP corresponded to 1.89 to 3.4 log reduction for FCV and 0.54 to 0.85 log reduction for MNV. Our results clearly indicate that both virus and surface types significantly influence recovery efficiency and disinfection efficacy. Based on the performance of our proposed testing method, an improvement in virus recovery will be needed to effectively validate virus disinfection of soft porous surfaces.

Tenacity of Human Norovirus and the Surrogates Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus during Long-Term Storage on Common Nonporous Food Contact Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
SASCHA MORMANN ◽  
CATHRIN HEIßENBERG ◽  
JENS PFANNEBECKER ◽  
BARBARA BECKER
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Contact Surfaces

The transfer of human norovirus (hNV) to food via contaminated surfaces is highly probable during food production, processing, and preparation. In this study, the tenacity of hNV and its cultivable surrogates feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) on two common nonporous surface materials at two storage temperatures was directly compared. Virus titer reduction on artificially inoculated stainless steel and plastic carriers was monitored for 70 days at room temperature and at 7°C. Viruses were recovered at various time points by elution. Genomes from intact capsids (hNV, FCV, and MNV) were quantified with real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR, and infectivity (FCV and MNV) was assessed with plaque assay. RNase treatment before RNA extraction was used to eliminate exposed RNA and to assess capsid integrity. No significant differences in titer reduction were found between materials (stainless steel or plastic) with the plaque assay or the real-time quantitative RT-PCR. At room temperature, infectious FCV and MNV were detected for 7 days. Titers of intact hNV, FCV, and MNV capsids dropped gradually and were still detectable after 70 days with a loss of 3 to 4 log units. At 7°C, the viruses were considerably more stable than they were at room temperature. Although only MNV infectivity was unchanged after 70 days, the numbers of intact capsids (hNV, FCV, and MNV) were stable with less than a 1-log reduction. The results indicate that hNV persists on food contact surfaces and seems to remain infective for weeks. MNV appears to be more stable than FCV at 7°C, and thus is the most suitable surrogate for hNV under dry conditions. Although a perfect quantitative correlation between intact capsids and infective particles was not obtained, real-time quantitative RT-PCR provided qualitative data about hNV inactivation characteristics. The results of this comparative study might support future efforts in assessment of foodborne virus risk and food safety.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Porcine Gastric Mucin Binding Assay for High-Pressure-Inactivation Studies Using Murine Norovirus and Tulane Virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhui Li ◽  
Haiqiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Binding Assay ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Gastric Mucin ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Porcine Gastric Mucin ◽  
Tulane Virus

ABSTRACTWe compared the results of high-hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) inactivation of murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and Tulane virus (TV) obtained by a porcine gastric mucin binding assay followed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (referred to here as the PGM-MB/PCR assay) and a plaque assay and evaluated HHP inactivation of a human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup I genotype 1 (GI.1) strain and a HuNoV GII.4 strain by using the PGM-MB/PCR assay. Viruses were treated at different pressure levels for 2 min at 4 or 21°C in culture medium of neutral pH and in culture medium of pH 4 at 21°C. The log reductions of infectious MNV-1 and TV particles caused by HHP were assessed using the PGM-MB/PCR and plaque assays, while the log reductions of HuNoVs were assessed by the PGM-MB/PCR assay only. For TV and MNV-1, the two pressure inactivation curves obtained using the plaque and PGM-MB/PCR assays were almost identical at ≤2-log-reduction levels regardless of the treatment temperature and pH. Further increasing the pressure over the 2-log-reduction level resulted in higher log reductions of TV and MNV-1, as assessed by the plaque assay, but did not increase the log reductions, as assessed by the PGM-MB/PCR assay. HHP treatments could achieve maximum reductions of ∼3 and 3.5 log units for GI.1 and GII.4, respectively, as assessed by the PGM-MB/PCR assay. On the basis of these results, it can reasonably be concluded that the PGM-MB/PCR assay would very likely be able to estimate HHP inactivation of HuNoV at ≤2-log-reduction levels. It would also likely conservatively quantify HHP inactivation of the GI.1 strain at 2- to 3-log-reduction levels and the GII.4 strain at 2- to 3.5-log-reduction levels.

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