Recovery and Disinfection of Two Human Norovirus Surrogates, Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus, from Hard Nonporous and Soft Porous Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1842-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS YEARGIN ◽  
ANGELA FRASER ◽  
GUOHUI HUANG ◽  
XIUPING JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Porous Surfaces

Human norovirus is a leading cause of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through many routes, including environmental exposure to fomites. In this study, both the recovery and inactivation of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV), on hard nonporous surfaces (glass) and soft porous surfaces (polyester and cotton) were evaluated by both plaque assay and reverse transcription quantitative PCR method. Two disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (8.25%) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP, at 4.25%) were evaluated for disinfection efficacy. Five coupons per surface type were used to evaluate the recovery of FCV and MNV by sonication and stomaching and the disinfection of each surface type by using 5 ml of disinfectant for a contact time of 5 min. FCV at an initial titer of ca. 7 log PFU/ml was recovered from glass, cotton, and polyester at 6.2, 5.4, and 3.8 log PFU/ml, respectively, compared with 5.5, 5.2, and 4.1 log PFU/ml, respectively, for MNV with an initial titer of ca. 6 log PFU/ml. The use of sodium hypochlorite (5,000 ppm) was able to inactivate both FCV and MNV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection on all three surface types. AHP (2,656 ppm) inactivated FCV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection for all three surface types but achieved minimal inactivation of MNV (0.17 to 1.37 log PFU/ml). Reduction of viral RNA by sodium hypochlorite corresponded to 2.72 to 4.06 log reduction for FCV and 2.07 to 3.04 log reduction for MNV on all three surface types. Reduction of viral RNA by AHP corresponded to 1.89 to 3.4 log reduction for FCV and 0.54 to 0.85 log reduction for MNV. Our results clearly indicate that both virus and surface types significantly influence recovery efficiency and disinfection efficacy. Based on the performance of our proposed testing method, an improvement in virus recovery will be needed to effectively validate virus disinfection of soft porous surfaces.

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus Persistence in Environments Relevant to Food Production and Processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FALLAHI ◽  
K. MATTISON
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
The Other ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Virus Survival

Human norovirus (NoV) causes outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with many ready-to-eat foods, including fresh produce. Effective inactivation procedures must consider virus survival under conditions of produce production and processing. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of NoV in a variety of environments, using murine NoV (MNV) as a surrogate for NoV. MNV was incubated for up to 42 days at room temperature on stainless steel disks, on lettuce, on soil, and in potable water and titers determined by plaque assay. A 1-log reduction of MNV infectivity was observed after 29 days in water, 4 days on lettuce, 12 days on soil, and 15 days on stainless steel disks. MNV survived longer in water than in any of the other environments, indicating that drying may contribute to NoV inactivation. MNV genomes were not significantly reduced for up to 42 days, suggesting that genomic detection is not a reliable indicator of viability. Overall, our findings provide valuable information regarding the potential for NoV transmission in the food supply.

Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Decontamination in a Patient Room Using Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus as Surrogate Markers for Human Norovirus

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Holmdahl ◽  
Mats Walder ◽  
Nathalie Uzcátegui ◽  
Inga Odenholt ◽  
Peter Lanbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Patient Room ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor

OBJECTIVETo determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) could be used to decontaminate caliciviruses from surfaces in a patient room.DESIGNFeline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) were used as surrogate viability markers to mimic the noncultivable human norovirus. Cell culture supernatants of FCV and MNV were dried in triplicate 35-mm wells of 6-well plastic plates. These plates were placed in various positions in a nonoccupied patient room that was subsequently exposed to HPV. Control plates were positioned in a similar room but were never exposed to HPV.METHODSVirucidal activity was measured in cell culture by reduction in 50% tissue culture infective dose titer for FCV and by both 50% tissue culture infective dose titer and plaque reduction for MNV.RESULTSNeither viable FCV nor viable MNV could be detected in the test room after HPV treatment. At least 3.65 log reduction for FCV and at least 3.67 log reduction for MNV were found by 50% tissue culture infective dose. With plaque assay, measurable reduction for MNV was at least 2.85 log units.CONCLUSIONSThe successful inactivation of both surrogate viruses indicates that HPV could be a useful tool for surface decontamination of a patient room contaminated by norovirus. Hence nosocomial spread to subsequent patients can be avoided.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:561–566

Tenacity of Human Norovirus and the Surrogates Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus during Long-Term Storage on Common Nonporous Food Contact Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
SASCHA MORMANN ◽  
CATHRIN HEIßENBERG ◽  
JENS PFANNEBECKER ◽  
BARBARA BECKER
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Contact Surfaces

The transfer of human norovirus (hNV) to food via contaminated surfaces is highly probable during food production, processing, and preparation. In this study, the tenacity of hNV and its cultivable surrogates feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) on two common nonporous surface materials at two storage temperatures was directly compared. Virus titer reduction on artificially inoculated stainless steel and plastic carriers was monitored for 70 days at room temperature and at 7°C. Viruses were recovered at various time points by elution. Genomes from intact capsids (hNV, FCV, and MNV) were quantified with real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR, and infectivity (FCV and MNV) was assessed with plaque assay. RNase treatment before RNA extraction was used to eliminate exposed RNA and to assess capsid integrity. No significant differences in titer reduction were found between materials (stainless steel or plastic) with the plaque assay or the real-time quantitative RT-PCR. At room temperature, infectious FCV and MNV were detected for 7 days. Titers of intact hNV, FCV, and MNV capsids dropped gradually and were still detectable after 70 days with a loss of 3 to 4 log units. At 7°C, the viruses were considerably more stable than they were at room temperature. Although only MNV infectivity was unchanged after 70 days, the numbers of intact capsids (hNV, FCV, and MNV) were stable with less than a 1-log reduction. The results indicate that hNV persists on food contact surfaces and seems to remain infective for weeks. MNV appears to be more stable than FCV at 7°C, and thus is the most suitable surrogate for hNV under dry conditions. Although a perfect quantitative correlation between intact capsids and infective particles was not obtained, real-time quantitative RT-PCR provided qualitative data about hNV inactivation characteristics. The results of this comparative study might support future efforts in assessment of foodborne virus risk and food safety.

Comparing Human Norovirus Surrogates: Murine Norovirus and Tulane Virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRSTEN A. HIRNEISEN ◽  
KALMIA E. KNIEL
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Viral Infectivity ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Human Noroviruses ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tulane Virus

Viral surrogates are widely used by researchers to predict human norovirus behavior. Murine norovirus (MNV) is currently accepted as the best surrogate and is assumed to mimic the survival and inactivation of human noroviruses. Recently, a new calicivirus, the Tulane virus (TV), was discovered, and its potential as a human norovirus surrogate is being explored. This study aimed to compare the behavior of the two potential surrogates under varying treatments of pH (2.0 to 10.0), chlorine (0.2 to 2,000 ppm), heat (50 to 75°C), and survival in tap water at room (20°C) and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures for up to 30 days. Viral infectivity was determined by the plaque assay for both MNV and TV. There was no significant difference between the inactivation of MNV and TV in all heat treatments, and for both MNV and TV survival in tap water at 20°C over 30 days. At 4°C, MNV remained infectious over 30 days at a titer of approximately 5 log PFU/ml, whereas TV titers decreased significantly by 5 days. MNV was more pH stable, as TV titers were reduced significantly at pH 2.0, 9.0, and 10.0, as compared with pH 7.0, whereas MNV titers were only significantly reduced at pH 10.0. After chlorine treatment, there was no significant difference in virus with the exception of at 2 ppm, where TV decreased significantly compared with MNV. Compared with TV, MNV is likely a better surrogate for human noroviruses, as MNV persisted over a wider range of pH values, at 2 ppm of chlorine, and without a loss of titer at 4°C.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides on Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus as Surrogates for Human Norovirus

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hwa Lee ◽  
Bog-Hieu Lee ◽  
Ji-Youn Jung ◽  
Doo-Sung Cheon ◽  
Kyung-Tack Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Extract

Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates on Surfaces and Raspberries by Steam-Ultrasound Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA CHARLOTTE SCHULTZ ◽  
KATRINE UHRBRAND ◽  
BIRGIT NØRRUNG ◽  
ANDERS DALSGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Power Ultrasound ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
High Power Ultrasound ◽  
Plastic Surfaces

Human disease outbreaks caused by norovirus (NoV) following consumption of contaminated raspberries are an increasing problem. An efficient method to decontaminate the fragile raspberries and the equipment used for processing would be an important step in ensuring food safety. A potential surface treatment that combines pressurized steam and high-power ultrasound (steam-ultrasound) was assessed for its efficacy to inactivate human NoV surrogates: coliphage (MS2), feline calicivirus (FCV), and murine norovirus (MNV) inoculated on plastic surfaces and MS2 inoculated on fresh raspberries. The amounts of infectious virus and viral genomes were determined by plaque assay and reverse transcription–real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. On plastic surfaces, an inactivation of >99.99% was obtained for both MS2 and FCV, corresponding to a 9.1-log and >4.8-log reduction after 1 or 3 s of treatment, respectively; while a 3.7-log (99.97%) reduction of MNV was reached after 3 s of treatment. However, on fresh raspberries only a 1-log reduction (~89%) of MS2 could be achieved after 1 s of treatment, at which point damage to the texture of the fresh raspberries was evident. Increasing treatment time (0 to 3 s) resulted in negligible reductions of viral genome titers of MS2, FCV, and MNV on plastic surfaces as well as of MS2 inoculated on raspberries. Steam-ultrasound treatment in its current format does not appear to be an appropriate method to achieve sufficient decontamination of NoV-contaminated raspberries. However, steam-ultrasound may be used to decontaminate smooth surface areas and utensils in food production and processing environments.

Comparative Efficacy of Seven Hand Sanitizers against Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, and GII.4 Norovirus†

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2232-2238 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEUN WOO PARK ◽  
LESLIE BARCLAY ◽  
DAVID MACINGA ◽  
DUANE CHARBONNEAU ◽  
CHARLES A. PETTIGREW ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Fecal Extract ◽  
Virucidal Efficacy

Contaminated hands or inanimate surfaces can act as a source of infection during outbreaks of human norovirus infection. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of seven hand sanitizers containing various active ingredients, such as ethanol, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, and compared their effectiveness against feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and a GII.4 norovirus fecal extract. We also tested the efficacy of 50, 70, and 90% of ethanol and isopropanol. Reduction of viral infectivity was measured by plaque assay, and the number of genomic copies was determined with a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. Based on the results of a quantitative suspension test, only one ethanol-based product (72% ethanol, pH 2.9) and one triclosan-based product (0.1% triclosan, pH 3.0) reduced the infectivity of both MNV and FCV (by >2.6 and ≥3.4 log units, respectively). Four of the seven products were effective against either MNV or FCV, whereas chlorhexidine was ineffective against both viruses. For these hand sanitizers, no correlation was found between reduced infectivity and decline of viral RNA. Ethanol and isopropanol concentrations ≥70% reduced the infectivity of MNV by ≥2.6 log units, whereas 50 and 70% ethanol reduced the infectivity of FCV by ≥2.2 log units after exposure for 5 min. The susceptibility of FCV to low pH and the relative high susceptibility of MNV to alcohols suggest that both surrogate viruses should be considered for in vitro testing of hand sanitizers.

Surrogates for the Study of Norovirus Stability and Inactivation in the Environment: A Comparison of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2761-2765 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER L. CANNON ◽  
EFSTATHIA PAPAFRAGKOU ◽  
GEUNWOO W. PARK ◽  
JASON OSBORNE ◽  
LEE-ANN JAYKUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Mammalian Cell Culture ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Ph Range

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of food- and waterborne outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As a result of the lack of a mammalian cell culture model for these viruses, studies on persistence, inactivation, and transmission have been limited to cultivable viruses, including feline calicivirus (FCV). Recently, reports of the successful cell culture of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) have provided investigators with an alternative surrogate for human NoVs. In this study, we compared the inactivation profiles of MNV-1 to FCV in an effort to establish the relevance of MNV-1 as a surrogate virus. Specifically, we evaluated (i) stability upon exposure to pH extremes; (ii) stability upon exposure to organic solvents; (iii) thermal inactivation; and (iv) surface persistence under wet and dry conditions. MNV-1 was stable across the entire pH range tested (pH 2 to 10) with less than 1 log reduction in infectivity at pH 2, whereas FCV was inactivated rapidly at pH values <3 and >9. FCV was more stable than MNV-1 at 56°C, but both viruses exhibited similar inactivation at 63 and 72°C. Long-term persistence of both viruses suspended in a fecal matrix and inoculated onto stainless steel coupons were similar at 4°C, but at room temperature in solution, MNV-1 was more stable than FCV. The genetic relatedness of MNV-1 to human NoVs combined with its ability to survive under gastric pH levels makes this virus a promising and relevant surrogate for studying environmental survival of human NoVs.

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