Histamine Limits by Country: A Survey and Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John DeBeer ◽  
Jon W. Bell ◽  
Fred Nolte ◽  
Julian Arcieri ◽  
Gerson Correa
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Histidine Decarboxylase ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Sampling Plans ◽  
Safety Hazard ◽  
Saltwater Fish ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
Decarboxylation Reaction ◽  
Acceptance Levels ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Histamine is a biogenic amine and a food safety hazard, and it is the only biogenic amine regulated by statute or HACCP Guidance. This paper reviews the regulations for histamine levels in fish in countries around the world, including maximum limits or levels and sampling procedures in different fish preparations. The maximum histamine levels, sampling plans, and fish products are listed. The country-by-country regulations for maximum histamine acceptance levels in some food products vary by a factor of 8, from 50 ppm in some countries to a maximum of 400 ppm in other countries. For similar food products, the maximum histamine levels vary by a factor of 4 (from 50 ppm to 200 ppm) in, for example, fresh tuna. The country-by-country sampling plans vary widely as well and these, too, are covered in detail. Molecules of histamine are formed from L-histidine molecules, an amino acid, by a decarboxylation reaction caused by a bacterial enzyme, histidine decarboxylase. Histamine can form in many different species of saltwater fish that have elevated levels of free L-histidine. Histamine formation is completely preventable, and these methods are described as well. Although there are multiple maximum histamine acceptance levels, rapidly chilling the fish immediately after harvest by any means available is the only method to stop the formation of histamine. Fishermen should rapidly chill the fish using ice, chilled seawater, dense cold brine, or air blast freezers as quickly as possible.

scholarly journals Histamine in Foods: Its Safety and Human Health Implications

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Rai ◽  
Hare Ram Pradhan ◽  
Bal Kumari Sharma ◽  
Som Kant Rijal
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Histidine Decarboxylase ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Surveillance Mechanism ◽  
Protein Rich

This article reviews the overall aspects of histamine, one of the most potent biogenic amine, which is formed by decarboxylation of histidine protein rich foods in fish and fish products, dairy products, meat and meat products, fermented vegetables and soy products, and alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Normally, three basic conditions i.e. high content of free histidine, bacterial histidine decarboxylase activity and high temperature storage environment elevates the level of histamine in foods. Several chromatographic methods utilizing thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and colorimetry, fluorimetry and ELISA technique have been developed for the analysis of biogenic amine including histamine. Histamine usually exceeding 1000 mg/kg has been implicated with scombrotoxicosis. Several government authorities including Codex Alimentarious Commission has also set the level of histamine in different food products varying from 5 to 40 mg/100g. Proper technical regulations and surveillance mechanism as well as hygienic and bio-technological advancement in food manufacturing establishment could be the good preventive measures of low histamine foods in future.  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v8i0.11720 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 8 (1-11), 2013

Microbiological Guidelines and Sampling Plans for Dried Infant Cereals and Powdered Infant Formula from a Canadian National Microbiological Survey

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 613-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. COLLINS-THOMPSON ◽  
K. F. WEISS ◽  
G. W. RIEDEL ◽  
S. CHARBONNEAU
Keyword(s):  
Test Organism ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Sampling Plans ◽  
Infant Foods ◽  
Hygienic Practice ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
Sampling Procedures

The microbiological safety and quality of 130 lots of domestic and imported dried infant cereals and powdered infant formulae were determined using aerobic colony count (ACC), aerobic sporeformers, confirmed and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens (spores), hemolytic streptococci and yeast and molds. Based on the analytical results and sampling procedures of this survey, no health hazards were found. The results were also used to develop a three-class acceptance plan for ACC (n = 5, c = 2, m = 103/g, M = 104/g), confirmed coliforms (n = 5, c = 1, m = < 1.8/g, M = 20/g) and Salmonella (n = 20, c = 0, m = 0, M = 0). These plans were influenced by the proposed Codex Code of Hygienic Practice for Foods for Infants and Children. Canadian-produced infant foods had an estimate lot rejection rate based on the three-class acceptance plan of 1.1 to 20.3%, based on cereal type and test organism.

scholarly journals Testing Shelled Corn for Aflatoxin, Part III: Evaluating the Performance of Aflatoxin Sampling Plans

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 1279-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders S Johansson ◽  
Thomas B Whitaker ◽  
Francis G Giesbrecht ◽  
Winston M Hagler ◽  
James H Young
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Sampling Plans ◽  
Acceptance Level ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Acceptance Levels ◽  
Regulatory Guideline

Abstract The effects of changes in sample size and/or sample acceptance level on the performance of aflatoxin sampling plans for shelled corn were investigated. Six sampling plans were evaluated for a range of sample sizes and sample acceptance levels. For a given sample size, decreasing the sample acceptance level decreases the percentage of lots accepted while increasing the percentage of lots rejected at all aflatoxin concentrations, and decreases the average aflatoxin concentration in lots accepted and lots rejected. For a given sample size where the sample acceptance level decreases relative to a fixed regulatory guideline, the number of false positives increases and the number of false negatives decreases. For a given sample size where the sample acceptance level increases relative to a fixed regulatory guideline, the number of false positives decreases and the number of false negatives increases. For a given sample acceptance level, increasing the sample size increases the percentage of lots accepted at concentrations below the regulatory guideline while increasing the percentage of lots rejected at concentrations above the regulatory guideline, and decreases the average aflatoxin concentration in the lots accepted while increasing the average aflatoxin concentration in the rejected lots. For a given sample acceptance level that equals the regulatory guideline, increasing the sample size decreases misclassification of lots, both false positives and false negatives.

PCR Detection of Foodborne Bacteria Producing the Biogenic Amines Histamine, Tyramine, Putrescine, and Cadaverine

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2509-2514 ◽  
Author(s):  
BLANCA de las RIVAS ◽  
ÁNGELA MARCOBAL ◽  
ALFONSO V. CARRASCOSA ◽  
ROSARIO MUÑOZ
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Histidine Decarboxylase ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Synthetic Oligonucleotide ◽  
Foodborne Bacteria ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Encoding Genes

This study describes an easy PCR method for the detection of foodborne bacteria that potentially produce histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine. Synthetic oligonucleotide pairs for the specific detection of the gene coding for each group of bacterial histidine, tyrosine, ornithine, or lysine decarboxylases were designed. Under the conditions used in this study, the assay yielded fragments of 372 and 531 bp from histidine decarboxylase–encoding genes, a 825-bp fragment from tyrosine decarboxylases, fragments of 624 and 1,440 bp from ornithine decarboxylases, and 1,098- and 1,185-bp fragments from lysine decarboxylases. This is the first PCR method for detection of cadaverine-producing bacteria. The method was successfully applied to several biogenic amine–producing bacterial strains.

scholarly journals Sampling parts of random integer partitions: a probabilistic and asymptotic analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Ljuben Mutafchiev
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Positive Integer ◽  
Asymptotic Analysis ◽  
Integer Partitions ◽  
Random Partition ◽  
Limiting Distributions ◽  
Sampling Plans ◽  
Random Integer ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Let λ be a partition of the positive integer n, selected uniformly at random among all such partitions. Corteel et al. (1999) proposed three different procedures of sampling parts of λ at random. They obtained limiting distributions of the multiplicity μn = μn(λ) of the randomly-chosen part as n → ∞. The asymptotic behavior of the part size σn = σn(λ), under these sampling conditions, was found by Fristedt (1993) and Mutafchiev (2014). All these results motivated us to study the relationship between the size and the multiplicity of a randomly-selected part of a random partition. We describe it obtaining the joint limiting distributions of (μn; σn), as n → ∞, for all these three sampling procedures. It turns out that different sampling plans lead to different limiting distributions for (μn; σn). Our results generalize those obtained earlier and confirm the known expressions for the marginal limiting distributions of μn and σn.

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