Successful separatist movements

This concluding chapter focuses on India's state-capacity problems and prospects. Its population may become the world's largest, its economy is becoming one of the world's largest, and its military power will probably move along at least a similar upward trajectory. Yet just about everything concerning India is characterized by developmental handicaps of one sort or another. Too many people are poor, infrastructure is lacking, and demands on the state for action to remedy these problems are multiplying. The Indian state, on the other hand, is characterized by a mixture of strengths and weaknesses. It scores high on its democratic attributes but much less so on its overall effectiveness. It has been and continues to be plagued by peripheral insurgencies and separatist movements. Moreover, its extraction capacity has improved but still has a long way to go, given the tasks the state needs to undertake.

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NATIONALISM IN A STATE BASED ON PANCASILA

Petita Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Syariah ◽

10.22373/petita.v5i2.85 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Anang Dony Irawan

Keyword(s):

Mutual Cooperation ◽

Know How ◽

Political Views ◽

Real Effort ◽

History Of ◽

Separatist Movements

We certainly know how lately nationalism in our society seems to be fading. This is partly due to the large number of outside influences that continue to erode the nation's culture that has been passed down by the ancestors of the Indonesian nation. The efforts to foster nationalism based on Pancasila are efforts to manifest love for this nation which is the great consensus of the founders of the Indonesian nation. Pancasila is the embodiment of devotion, tolerance, mutual cooperation and noble values adhered to by the Indonesian nation, which recently faded along with the strengthening of the issue of SARA, differences in political views, separatist movements, acts of terror, and violence against fellow children of other nations. This shows the instability of national and state life that is no longer based on Pancasila. If this continues without any real effort to revive the pillars of Pancasila, then this condition can endanger the survival of the nation and state. The values of nationalism must again become the main choice for integrating Indonesian society which has been divided by the conflict or friction that occurs in society. Nationalism does not distinguish the components of the nation based on groups or others, but rather the unity and integrity of the nation which is built from the diversity of its citizens. The spirit of nationalism needs to be revived again for all citizens to strengthen the life of the nation and state so that the interests of groups who want this nation to be destroyed and divided are not easily overtaken. The history of the nation has proven that with strong nationalism this nation can become independent and manage its own life. Keywords: Pancasila, Nationalism, Citizen, Indonesian Abstrak: Kita tentu tahu bagaimana belakangan ini nasionalisme dalam masyarakat kita seolah kian memudar. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan banyaknya pengaruh dari luar yang terus menggerus budaya bangsa yang telah diwariskan oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Upaya menumbuhkan nasionalisme berlandaskan Pancasila adalah upaya perwujudan kecintaan kepada bangsa ini yang merupakan konsensus agung para pendiri bangsa Indonesia. Pancasila adalah perwujudan pengabdian, toleransi, gotong royong dan nilai-nilai luhur yang dianut bangsa Indonesia, yang belakangan memudar seiring menguatnya isu SARA, perbedaan pandangan politik, gerakan separatis, aksi teror, dan kekerasan terhadap sesama anak bangsa lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan akan adanya instabilitas kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara yang tidak lagi melandaskan pada Pancasila. Bila hal ini terus berlangsung tanpa ada upaya nyata untuk kembali menghidupkan pilar-pilar Pancasila, maka kondisi ini akan membahayakan keberlangsungan hidup berbangsa dan bernegara. Nilai-nilai nasionalisme haruslah kembali menjadi pilihan utama untuk mengintegrasikan masyarakat Indonesia yang telah terpecah belah dengan adanya konflik maupun gesekan yang terjadi di masyarakat. Nasionalisme tidak membedakan komponen bangsa berdasarkan golongan ataupun lainnya, melainkan persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa yang dibangun dari keberagaman warga negaranya. Semangat nasionalisme perlu digelorakan lagi bagi seluruh warga negara untuk memperkokoh kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara agar tidak mudah ditunggangi kepentingan kelompok-kelompok yang menginginkan bangsa ini hancur dan terpecah belah. Sejarah bangsa telah membuktikan, dengan nasionalisme yang kokoh bangsa ini dapat merdeka dan mengatur kehidupannya sendiri.

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THE SLOVAK QUESTION DURING THE GREAT WAR (A CASE STUDY OF L. ŠTUR SLOVAK-RUSSIAN SOCIETY)

Rusin ◽

10.17223/18572685/61/5 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-90

Author(s):

M.V. Vedernikov ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Political Elite ◽

Active Part ◽

Great War ◽

Russian Society ◽

Habsburg Empire ◽

Separatist Movements ◽

The Great War

With the outbreak of WWI (1914–1918), the participating countries began to promote separatist movements on their own territory, which aimed to destroy the foundations of hostile multinational empires. Of particular interest to the Russian authorities were the compatriots of the Slavic peoples of Austria-Hungary, who loudly declared their desire to destroy the Habsburg Empire. One of the most active diasporas was the Czechs, who managed to meet with Nicholas II twice in the first month of the war and achieve the formation of the Czech squad. However, the Czech question, initially incorporating the Slovak one due to the ethnic and linguistic proximity, exposed significant contradictions. An active part of the Slovak political elite living in Russia opposed the formation of a single Czech-Slovak state, because they were close to the idea of Slovakia’s accession to Russia. To popularize these ideas, a Slovak-Russian society named after L. Štur was established in Moscow. It received support from the outstanding Russians as well as the largest Slovak diasporas in the United States. The assistance of such important actors forced the Czechs to look for ways to resolve the conflict with the Slovaks, which undoubtedly led to the mainstreaming of the Slovak question. However, the cessions of 1915–1916 failed to resolve the conflict. Drawing on new archival sources and current historiography, the author concludes that the presence of multiple conflicts contributed to the formation of the Czech-Slovak national idea, which was free from asymmetry, and made Slovaks equal partners.

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