Separatismul în spațiul post-sovietic, între seceră și ciocan / Separatism in the post-Soviet space, between the sickle and the hammer

This paper aims to present a comprehensive and complete analysis of the separatist movements from the ex-Soviet space, especially in the Republic of Moldova. The paper focuses on presenting both the national and international context immediately after the fall of the USSR, as well as the factors that determined the apparition of the separatist movements. Multiple causes and effects are paired and presented to expose the chronology that followed the unfolding of those historical events. The paper is split into three main topics: the Transnistrian conflict and its consequences, the Georgian conflict and its aftermath, and the ongoing conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

PERAN KOMUNIKASI ANTARBUDAYA TERHADAP KEBERAGAMAN DAN GERAKAN SEPARATISME DI INDONESIA

Abstrak Keberagaman merupakan suatu keadaan dalam masyarakat yang memiliki banyak perbedaan dalam berbagai bidang, baik dalam bidang adat istiadat, agama, budaya hingga strata sosial. Indonesia yang memiliki ribuan pulau tentu saja memiliki banyak keberagaman yang unik, namun masih banyak kasus-kasus keberagaman yang menimbulkan sebuah konflik, baik konflik antar etnis bahkan hingga gerakan pemberontakan terhadap negara atau yang biasa kita sebut gerakan separatis. Keberagaman ini bisa dipersatukan bukan hanya dengan semboyan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, melainkan diikuti dengan penerapan ilmu komunikasi antarbudaya yang baik. Menerapkan konsep komunikasi antarbudaya dan menjadikannya salah satu pedoman dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di tengah keberagaman. Di dalam tulisan ini dideskripsikan konsep serta teori komunikasi antarbudaya yang relevan dengan pembahasan yang bertujuan agar kita dapat memahami bagaimana mengatasi keberagaman yang sudah pasti terjadi di lingkungan dalam bermasyarakat agar tidak kembali terulang peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah terjadi di masa lalu. Abstract Diversity is a condition in society that has many differences in various fields, both in the fields of customs, religion, culture to social strata. Indonesia, which has thousands of islands, of course, has a lot of unique diversity, but there are still many cases of diversity that lead to a conflict, both inter-ethnic conflicts and even uprising movements against the state or what we call separatist movements. This diversity can be united not only with the motto of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika but also followed by the application of good intercultural communication. Applying the concept of intercultural communication and making it one of the guidelines in everyday life in diversity. This paper describes the concepts and theories of intercultural communication that are relevant to the discussion, which aims to make us understand how to overcome the diversity that is certain to occur in the environment in society so as not to repeat events that have occurred in the past.

BOOK REVIEW: GRAND STRATEGY TOWARDS A ONE CENTURY INDONESIA INDEPENDENCE IN 2045

To celebrate Indonesia's centenary in 2045, the Indonesian needs to prepare themselves from now on. By solving various problems currently and occurring and formulating strategies for Indonesia's progress in the future, it is hoped that it it can become a stepping stone to realizing the aspirations of the Indonesian nation. The book, entitled "Grand Strategy Towards One Century Indonesia in 2045" is intended to build awareness of the Indonesian so that they can maintain its existence amid all the opportunities and challenges that exist in the 21st century.The collaboration between policymakers and the future generation as actors who will play an essential role in the future is the main topic in this book. Therefore, it is addressed to the younger generation, who played an important role in determining Indonesia's fate in the future. The audience or readers of it tend to be aimed at an educated group.“Grand Strategy Towards One Century Indonesia in 2045” is a book that describes the major problems faced by the Indonesian nation and the solutions to solve these problems in the recent era. All these efforts are carried out to celebrate the hundred years of Indonesian independence. Then there is an analysis in formulating strategies and overcoming the problems that occur, Pancasila is needed as a carrier to underlie every action that will be taken. The never-ending corruption, separatist movements, disintegration of the nation, and other problems can be solved by implementing Pancasila in the life of society and the state. On this basis, it is important to review it in order to broaden the readers' horizons and cab think to more critically and visionary. It is also important to read by the Indonesian people, especially regulators and the younger generation, so they can know what things should be done to realizing a golden Indonesia in 2045. Finally, understanding this kind of book is deemed necessary to create Indonesian people who uphold the values of Pancasila in a community and state life.

Persecution of Minorities in Algeria: What Fuels the Maltreatment?

Algeria, the largest country in Africa, has nearly a uniform population. Arab Sunni Muslims comprise fully 99% of the 42 million strong-populace. Why, then, does its government grapple with fears of separatist movements from its own Sunni population? Further, why does it use suppression and persecution to hold down its meager minority populations that includes ethnic, cultural, religious, and linguistic denizens whose combined numbers total just 1% and who pose no serious threat to the powerful and often highly corrupt government and military force? The answer may lie in the rise of fundamentalist Islam, a movement that strives to make theocracy and Sharia law replace the current democratic government system. This balance of pleasing and thus containing the fundamentalist movement, which has consumed much of the Middle East and North Africa, has made its mark felt in Algeria and could threaten to destabilize one of the continent’s most powerful nations.

When Autocrats Threaten Citizens with Violence: Evidence from China

When do autocrats employ propaganda to threaten citizens with repression? Do threats of repression condition citizen behavior? This article develops a theory of propaganda-based threats in autocracies that builds on insights from experimental psychology. It argues that even credible threats of repression are costly, and so are reserved for moments when collective action is most likely. Since threats of repression are employed sparingly, the authors also expect them to be effective. The theory is tested using data from China, the world's most populous autocracy. The study analyzes all 164,707 articles published between 2009 and 2016 in the Workers' Daily, a state-run newspaper that focuses on domestic issues and targets a non-elite audience. It finds that the Chinese government employs propaganda-based threats of repression primarily around the anniversaries of ethnic separatist movements in Tibet and Xinjiang regions. Using an instrumental variables strategy, the study shows that these threats decrease protest rates by a substantively meaningful margin.

Eastern Europe

This chapter analyzes Eastern Europe, where ethnocentric organized crime dominated the separatist movements of Greater Albania (Macedonia), Transnistria (Moldova), and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan). The collapses of the USSR and Yugoslavia have produced separatist movements across Eastern Europe. Some secessionists triumphed, others stagnated in “frozen conflicts,” and still others descended into protracted bloodshed. For states and wannabe states alike, organized crime — with its rogue gallery of gangster brokers, entrepreneurs, and warlords — was integral to making and unmaking nations. The Azeri host state deployed gangsters to combat separatists in wartime and sustain its oil regime in peacetime. In the cases of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and Donbas (Ukraine), mafias' indiscriminate smuggling from within government structures obstructed separatists and host states alike.