The Tributary System and hegemony

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-78
Author(s):  
Asım Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Tributary System

The Strange Journey of the Tributary System

2021 ◽  
pp. 030582982110506
Author(s):  
Yuan-kang Wang
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
East Asia ◽  
International Society ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Tributary System ◽  
Material Power

Scholars of international relations have embraced the tributary system as the dominant lens to studying historical orders of East Asia. Hendrik Spruyt’s The World Imagined, a rare gem in the study of comparative international orders, argues that the tributary system articulated the ontology of the historical East Asia international society. This article cautions against two common pitfalls. First, the tributary system is a modern conceptual construct that can blind researchers to other types of political orders existing throughout East Asia’s diverse landscape and history, thus contributing to a Sinocentric bias. Both the Mongols and the Tibetans adopted a distinctive set of rules of inter-polity conduct that have little to do with the Chinese tributary system. Second, the tributary system perpetuates the myth that East Asia has been historically peaceful, while glossing over the numerous interpolity warfare that took place in the region as well as internal conflicts within the same cultural sphere of a state. I argue that our understanding of international orders can be substantially enriched when we take material power seriously and study its interplay with ideational factors.

Friendship in Chinese International Relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-199
Author(s):  
Chih-Yu Shih
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Foreign Policy Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Tributary System ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

Confucian friendship adds to the literature on friendship distance sensibilities and aims to maintain and even reinforce the Confucian ethical order, whereas contemporary international politics fails to provide any clear ethical order. The use of friendship and the concomitant creation of a friendly role by China indicate an intended move away from the improper order, including the tributary system, the Cold War, imperialism, and socialism. Confucian friendship continues to constitute contemporary Chinese diplomacy under the circumstance of indeterminate distance sensibilities. It highlights the relevance of the prior relations that are perceived to have constituted friendship. This article explores several illustrative practices of a Confucian typology of friendly international relations, divided into four kinds of friendship, according to (1) the strength of prior relations and (2) the asymmetry of capacity, including the policies toward Russia, North Korea, and Vietnam, among others. Such a Confucian friendship framework additionally alludes to foreign policy analysis in general. The US policies for China and North Korea are examples that indicate this wide scope of application.

scholarly journals Movement dynamics of smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu) in a large river‐tributary system

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 590-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K. Schall ◽  
Timothy Wertz ◽  
Geoffrey D. Smith ◽  
Vicki S. Blazer ◽  
Tyler Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Large River ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Micropterus Dolomieu ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Tributary System

The Origin of Cholera in Haiti

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Lantagne ◽  
◽  
G. Balakrish Nair ◽  
Claudio F. Lanata ◽  
Alejandro Cravioto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Independent Panel ◽  
Tributary System ◽  
First Time

Ten months after a devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010, cholera appeared in Haiti for the first time in nearly a century. The secretary-general of the United Nations formed an independent panel to “investigate and seek to determine the source of the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti.” To fulfill this mandate, concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and analysis of molecular investigations were carried out. Our findings indicated that the 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak was caused by bacteria introduced to Haiti as a result of human activity, specifically, by contamination of the Meye tributary system of the Artibonite River by a pathogenic strain of current South Asian Vibrio cholerae. Recommendations were presented to assist in preventing the future introduction and spread of cholera. The use of concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and molecular analysis is recommended to public health professionals for future cholera investigations.

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