scholarly journals An invariance principle for random planar maps

2006 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AG,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Miermont
Keyword(s):  
Invariance Principle ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps

International audience We show a new invariance principle for the radius and other functionals of a class of conditioned `Boltzmann-Gibbs'-distributed random planar maps. It improves over the more restrictive case of bipartite maps that was discussed in Marckert and Miermont (2006). As in the latter paper, we make use of a bijection between planar maps and a class of labelled multitype trees, due to Bouttier et al. (2004). We also rely on an invariance principle for multitype spatial Galton-Watson trees, which is proved in a companion paper.

scholarly journals A bijection between planar constellations and some colored Lagrangian trees

2003 ◽  
Vol Vol. 6 no. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Chauve
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Functional Equations ◽  
Formula One ◽  
Lagrange Formula ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps ◽  
New Formula

International audience Constellations are colored planar maps that generalize different families of maps (planar maps, bipartite planar maps, bi-Eulerian planar maps, planar cacti, ...) and are strongly related to factorizations of permutations. They were recently studied by Bousquet-Mélou and Schaeffer who describe a correspondence between these maps and a family of trees, called Eulerian trees. In this paper, we derive from their result a relationship between planar constellations and another family of trees, called stellar trees. This correspondence generalizes a well known result for planar cacti, and shows that planar constellations are colored Lagrangian objects (that is objects that can be enumerated by the Good-Lagrange formula). We then deduce from this result a new formula for the number of planar constellations having a given face distribution, different from the formula one can derive from the results of Bousquet-Mélou and Schaeffer, along with systems of functional equations for the generating functions of bipartite and bi-Eulerian planar maps enumerated according to the partition of faces and vertices.

scholarly journals New bijective links on planar maps

2008 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AJ,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fusy
Keyword(s):  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps

International audience This article describes new bijective links on planar maps, which are of incremental complexity and present original features. The first two bijections $\Phi _{1,2}$ are correspondences on oriented planar maps. They can be considered as variations on the classical edge-poset construction for bipolar orientations on graphs, suitably adapted so as to operate only on the embeddings in a simple local way. In turn, $\Phi_{1,2}$ yield two new bijections $F_{1,2}$ between families of (rooted) maps. (i) By identifying maps with specific constrained orientations, $\Phi_2 \circ \Phi_1$ specialises to a bijection $F_1$ between 2-connected maps and irreducible triangulations; (ii) $F_1$ gives rise to a bijection $F_2$ between loopless maps and triangulations, observing that these decompose respectively into 2-connected maps and into irreducible triangulations in a parallel way. Cet article décrit de nouveaux liens bijectifs sur les cartes planaires. Nos constructions sont de complexité croissante et présentent des caractéristiques originales. Les deux premières bijections $\Phi _{1,2}$ portent sur des cartes orientées. Elle peuvent être vues comme des variations sur une construction classique de posets sans $N$ à partir d'orientations bipolaires, adaptées ici pour opérer de manière très simple sur le plongement. Les bijections $\Phi _{1,2}$ entrainent à leur tour deux nouvelles bijections $F_{1,2}$ entre familles de cartes (enracinées). (i) En identifiant les cartes avec certaines orientations contraintes, $\Phi_2 \circ \Phi_1$ se spécialise en une bijection $F_1$ entre cartes 2-connexes et triangulations irréductibles, (ii) $F_1$ induit une bijection $F_2$ entre cartes sans boucles et triangulations, qui se décomposent respectivement en cartes 2-connexes et en triangulations irréductibles de manière parallèle.

scholarly journals A simple formula for bipartite and quasi-bipartite maps with boundaries

2012 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AR,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendal Collet ◽  
Eric Fusy
Keyword(s):  
Generating Function ◽  
Simple Formula ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Nous Obtenons ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps

International audience We obtain a very simple formula for the generating function of bipartite (resp. quasi-bipartite) planar maps with boundaries (holes) of prescribed lengths, which generalizes certain expressions obtained by Eynard in a book to appear. The formula is derived from a bijection due to Bouttier, Di Francesco and Guitter combined with a process (reminiscent of a construction of Pitman) of aggregating connected components of a forest into a single tree. Nous obtenons une formule très simple pour la série génératrice des cartes biparties ayant des bords (trous) de tailles fixées, généralisant certaines expressions obtenues par Eynard dans un livre à paraître. Nous obtenons la formule à partir d'une bijection due à Bouttier, Di Francesco et Guitter, combinée avec un processus (dans l'esprit d'une construction due à Pitman) pour agréger les composantes connexes d'une forêt en un unique arbre.

scholarly journals The asymmetric leader election algorithm with Swedish stopping: a probabilistic analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol Vol. 14 no. 2 (Analysis of Algorithms) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Louchard ◽  
Helmut Prodinger
Keyword(s):  
Mellin Transform ◽  
Analysis Of Algorithms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Success Probability ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Leader Election ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Election Algorithm ◽  
Probability Number ◽  
Leader Election Algorithm

Analysis of Algorithms International audience We study a leader election protocol that we call the Swedish leader election protocol. This name comes from a protocol presented by L. Bondesson, T. Nilsson, and G. Wikstrand (2007). The goal is to select one among n > 0 players, by proceeding through a number of rounds. If there is only one player remaining, the protocol stops and the player is declared the leader. Otherwise, all remaining players flip a biased coin; with probability q the player survives to the next round, with probability p = 1 - q the player loses (is killed) and plays no further ... unless all players lose in a given round (null round), so all of them play again. In the classical leader election protocol, any number of null rounds may take place, and with probability 1 some player will ultimately be elected. In the Swedish leader election protocol there is a maximum number tau of consecutive null rounds, and if the threshold is attained the protocol fails without declaring a leader. In this paper, several parameters are asymptotically analyzed, among them: Success Probability, Number of rounds R-n, Number of null rounds T-n. This paper is a companion paper to Louchard, Martinez and Prodinger (2011) where De-Poissonization was used, together with the Mellin transform. While this works fine as far as it goes, there are limitations, in particular of a computational nature. The approach chosen here is similar to earlier efforts of the same authors - Louchard and Prodinger (2004,2005,2009). Identifying some underlying distributions as Gumbel (type) distributions, one can start with approximations at a very early stage and compute (at least in principle) all moments asymptotically. This is in contrast to the companion work, where only expected values were considered. In an appendix, it is shown that, whereever results are given in both papers, they coincide, although they are presented in different ways.

scholarly journals The continuous limit of large random planar maps

2008 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AI,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Le Gall
Keyword(s):  
Metric Space ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
Scaling Limits ◽  
Compact Metric Space ◽  
Distinguished Point ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps

International audience We discuss scaling limits of random planar maps chosen uniformly over the set of all $2p$-angulations with $n$ faces. This leads to a limiting space called the Brownian map, which is viewed as a random compact metric space. Although we are not able to prove the uniqueness of the distribution of the Brownian map, many of its properties can be investigated in detail. In particular, we obtain a complete description of the geodesics starting from the distinguished point called the root. We give applications to various properties of large random planar maps.

scholarly journals Coefficients of algebraic functions: formulae and asymptotics

2013 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AS,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Banderier ◽  
Michael Drmota
Keyword(s):  
Critical Exponents ◽  
Entire Functions ◽  
Limit Laws ◽  
Context Free Grammar ◽  
Algebraic Functions ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps ◽  
Dyadic Numbers ◽  
Context Free

International audience This paper studies the coefficients of algebraic functions. First, we recall the too-little-known fact that these coefficients $f_n$ have a closed form. Then, we study their asymptotics, known to be of the type $f_n \sim C A^n n^{\alpha}$. When the function is a power series associated to a context-free grammar, we solve a folklore conjecture: the appearing critical exponents $\alpha$ can not be $^1/_3$ or $^{-5}/_2$, they in fact belong to a subset of dyadic numbers. We extend what Philippe Flajolet called the Drmota-Lalley-Woods theorem (which is assuring $\alpha=^{-3}/_2$ as soon as a "dependency graph" associated to the algebraic system defining the function is strongly connected): We fully characterize the possible critical exponents in the non-strongly connected case. As a corollary, it shows that certain lattice paths and planar maps can not be generated by a context-free grammar (i.e., their generating function is not $\mathbb{N}-algebraic). We end by discussing some extensions of this work (limit laws, systems involving non-polynomial entire functions, algorithmic aspects). Cet article a pour héros les coefficients des fonctions algébriques. Après avoir rappelé le fait trop peu connu que ces coefficients $f_n$ admettent toujours une forme close, nous étudions leur asymptotique $f_n \sim C A^n n^{\alpha}$. Lorsque la fonction algébrique est la série génératrice d'une grammaire non-contextuelle, nous résolvons une vieille conjecture du folklore : les exposants critiques $\alpha$ ne peuvent pas être $^1/_3$ ou $^{-5}/_2$ et sont en fait restreints à un sous-ensemble des nombres dyadiques. Nous étendons ce que Philippe Flajolet appelait le théorème de Drmota-Lalley-Woods (qui affirme que $\alpha=^{-3}/_2$ dès lors qu'un "graphe de dépendance" associé au système algébrique est fortement connexe) : nous caractérisons complètement les exposants critiques dans le cas non fortement connexe. Un corolaire immédiat est que certaines marches et cartes planaires ne peuvent pas être engendrées par une grammaire non-contextuelle non ambigüe (i. e., leur série génératrice n'est pas $\mathbb{N}-algébrique). Nous terminons par la discussion de diverses extensions de nos résultats (lois limites, systèmes d'équations de degré infini, aspects algorithmiques).

scholarly journals Mixed Powers of Generating Functions

2006 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AG,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Lladser
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Open Neighborhood ◽  
Taylor Coefficients ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Set Of Points ◽  
Phase Term ◽  
Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

International audience Given an integer $m \geq 1$, let $\| \cdot \|$ be a norm in $\mathbb{R}^{m+1}$ and let $\mathbb{S}_+^m$ denote the set of points $\mathbf{d}=(d_0,\ldots,d_m)$ in $\mathbb{R}^{m+1}$ with nonnegative coordinates and such that $\| \mathbf{d} \|=1$. Consider for each $1 \leq j \leq m$ a function $f_j(z)$ that is analytic in an open neighborhood of the point $z=0$ in the complex plane and with possibly negative Taylor coefficients. Given $\mathbf{n}=(n_0,\ldots,n_m)$ in $\mathbb{Z}^{m+1}$ with nonnegative coordinates, we develop a method to systematically associate a parameter-varying integral to study the asymptotic behavior of the coefficient of $z^{n_0}$ of the Taylor series of $\prod_{j=1}^m \{f_j(z)\}^{n_j}$, as $\| \mathbf{n} \| \to \infty$. The associated parameter-varying integral has a phase term with well specified properties that make the asymptotic analysis of the integral amenable to saddle-point methods: for many $\mathbf{d} \in \mathbb{S}_+^m$, these methods ensure uniform asymptotic expansions for $[z^{n_0}] \prod_{j=1}^m \{f_j(z)\}^{n_j}$ provided that $\mathbf{n}/ \| \mathbf{n} \|$ stays sufficiently close to $\mathbf{d}$ as $\| \mathbf{n} \| \to \infty$. Our method finds applications in studying the asymptotic behavior of the coefficients of a certain multivariable generating functions as well as in problems related to the Lagrange inversion formula for instance in the context random planar maps.

scholarly journals From generalized Tamari intervals to non-separable planar maps

2020 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings, 28th... ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Fang ◽  
Louis-François Préville-Ratelle
Keyword(s):  
Tamari Lattice ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps

International audience Let v be a grid path made of north and east steps. The lattice TAM(v), based on all grid paths weakly above the grid path v sharing the same endpoints as v, was introduced by Pre ́ville-Ratelle and Viennot (2014) and corresponds to the usual Tamari lattice in the case v = (NE)n. They showed that TAM(v) is isomorphic to the dual of TAM(←−v ), where ←−v is the reverse of v with N and E exchanged. Our main contribution is a bijection from intervals in TAM(v) to non-separable planar maps. It follows that the number of intervals in TAM(v) over all v of length n is 2(3n+3)! (n+2)!(2n+3)! . This formula was first obtained by Tutte(1963) for non-separable planar maps.

scholarly journals On an algebraicity theorem of Kontsevich

2012 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AR,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Reutenauer ◽  
Marco Robado
Keyword(s):  
Combinatorial Proof ◽  
Noncommutative Version ◽  
Nous Montrons ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps ◽  
Full Proof ◽  
Dyck Words

International audience We give in a particular case a combinatorial proof of a recent algebraicity result of Kontsevich; the proof uses generalized one-sided and two-sided Dyck words, or equivalently, excursions and bridges. We indicate a noncommutative version of these notions, which could lead to a full proof. We show also a relation with pointed planar maps. Nous donnons, dans un cas particulier, une preuve combinatoire d'un rèsultat rècent d'algèbricitè de Kontsevich; la preuve utilise des mots de Dyck gènèralisès d'un cotè et deux cotès ou de façon èquivalente, excursions et ponts. Nous indiquons une version non-commutative de ces notions, qui pourrait conduire à une preuve complète. Nous montrons aussi une relation avec des cartes planaires pointèes.

scholarly journals A unified bijective method for maps: application to two classes with boundaries

2010 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AN,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Bernardi ◽  
Eric Fusy
Keyword(s):  
Recursive Method ◽  
Arbitrary Size ◽  
Plane Trees ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Planar Maps ◽  
Comme Application ◽  
Natural Classes

International audience Based on a construction of the first author, we present a general bijection between certain decorated plane trees and certain orientations of planar maps with no counterclockwise circuit. Many natural classes of maps (e.g. Eulerian maps, simple triangulations,...) are in bijection with a subset of these orientations, and our construction restricts in a simple way on the subset. This gives a general bijective strategy for classes of maps. As a non-trivial application of our method we give the first bijective proofs for counting (rooted) simple triangulations and quadrangulations with a boundary of arbitrary size, recovering enumeration results found by Brown using Tutte's recursive method. En nous appuyant sur une construction du premier auteur, nous donnons une bijection générale entre certains arbres décorés et certaines orientations de cartes planaires sans cycle direct. De nombreuses classes de cartes (par exemple les eulériennes, les triangulations) sont en bijection avec un sous-ensemble de ces orientations, et notre construction se spécialise de manière simple sur le sous-ensemble. Cela donne un cadre bijectif général pour traiter les familles de cartes. Comme application non-triviale de notre méthode nous donnons les premières preuves bijectives pour l'énumération des triangulations et quadrangulations simples (enracinées) ayant un bord de taille arbitraire, et retrouvons ainsi des formules de comptage trouvées par Brown en utilisant la méthode récursive de Tutte.

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