scholarly journals Holsteins in Puerto Rico: III. Components of Variance Associated with Production Traits and Estimates of Heritability

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-558
Author(s):  
J. K. Camoens ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
L. D. VanVleck ◽  
J. D. Rivera Anaya
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
The United States ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Genotypic Variance ◽  
Components Of Variance ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Fat Yield

Variance components were estimated for herd, sire, and cow effects with a three-way nested model, using unadjusted and adjusted records for age and seasonal difference from 62 herds on DHIA recording in Puerto Rico. The cows calved from 1967 to 1973. They were high grade and purebred Holsteins imported from Canada or the United States or progeny of bulls and semen from the two countries. The percentages of the total variance for milk yield were 18.7, 4.9, and 40.8% for herd, sire, and cow, respectively. The percentages for fat yield were similar. These, plus the component for lactation length and days open, were in the range reported from temperate regions. The variance components of fat percent were similar to that of temperate regions for herd ( 14.9%) and cow (54.1%), but the sire component was negative, indicating factors yet unidentified that influenced this trait. Total variances for milk and fat yields indicated sufficient variability to permit selection. Estimates of heritability and repeatability for milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, lactation length, and days open computed from the sire and cow variance components were consistent with those reported from the temperate regions. The estimates indicate there was no loss of genotypic variance in the tropical environment. It appears that genotype exerts as much influence on production in Puerto Rico as elsewhere.

scholarly journals Holsteins in Puerto Rico: II. Influence of Lactation Length, Days Dry, Days Open, and Calving Interval on Production Traits

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-550
Author(s):  
J. K. Camoens ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
L. D. VanVleck ◽  
J. D. Rivera Anaya
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Fat Yield

Records of high grade or purebred Holsteins in 62 herds on DHIA recording in Puerto Rico were used to determine phenotypic correlations of lactation length, days dry prior to lactation, days open during lactation, and interval from previous parturition (calving interval) to lactation, milk and fat yields, and fat percent. Both milk and fat yields had a significant (P < .05) positive phenotypic correlation with lactation length, calving interval, and days open (0.178 to 0.658), hut fat percent had a low relation to these traits (-0.023 to +0.014). Lactation length, dry period, days open, and calving interval were regressed on milk yield, fat yield, and fat percent. The combined contribution of these variables to variation in milk yield was 44.4%. Days open, days dry, and calving interval accounted for only 13.4% of the variation in milk yield. Days dry and days open together accounted for 9.6% of the variation, and days dry, plus calving interval, made up 6.0%, of the variation. The values for fat yield were slightly lower but followed a similar pattern as for milk yield. The four variables combined contributed only 0.23% to the variance in fat percent. Total milk yield and fat yield were inf1uenced by lactation length, calving interval, and days dry in descending order of magnitude. Days open had comparatively little influence on either milk or fat yields. Length of dry period influenced fat percent more than any other variable but to little extent. Since the majority of the variation in milk and fat yields attributed to the four variables was due to lactation length, it appears that in Puerto Rico selection with emphasis on lactation yields is unlikely to decrease fertility.

scholarly journals Holsteins in Puerto Rico: I. Influence of Herd, Year, Age, and Season on Performance

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-539
Author(s):  
J. K. Camoens ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
L. D. Van Vleck ◽  
J. D. Rivera Anaya
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Days Open ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Selection For

The effects of herd, year, age, season, and their interactions on milk and fat yield, fat percent, days in milk, days dry, and days open for purebred and high grade Holsteins in a tropical environment were determined by analysis of variance using DHIA records from Puerto Rico. There were 33,950 records for calvings from 1967 to 1973 in 62 herds. Herd effects were significant (P < .05) for all traits, but seasonal effects were significant only for milk yield, fat yield, and days open. Variation among herds significantly influenced all traits except milk yield. Age of calving affected all traits except lactation length and days open. A number of the interactions were also significant. The statistical model explained 39, 40, 24, 17, 13 and 12% of the total variation in milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, lactation length, days dry, and days open, respectively. Total variances were 12,900,000 lb2 for milk yield and 15,000 lb2 for fat yield, which are comparable to those for temperate areas. It is concluded that the factors affecting the performance of Holsteins in Puerto Rico do not differ markedly from those in temperate countries. The total variation appears large enough to permit selection for higher milk and fat yields. As in temperate regions, length of lactation, length of dry period, and time of rebreeding (days open) are largely influenced by decisions made on the part of herd owners.

scholarly journals DGAT1 GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH CATTLE MILK YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (35) ◽  
pp. 174-180
Author(s):  
Salah H. FARAJ ◽  
Asaad Y. AYIED ◽  
D. K. SEGER
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Frequency ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Dgat1 Gene ◽  
Fat Yield

Several polymorphisms in different gene loci have been noted to affect production traits such as milk yield and milk composition. The present study aimed to determine the allelic and genotypic frequency of the DGAT1 gene and evaluate the associations between DGAT1 genetic variants and milk yield and its chemical composition of local Iraqi cattle. Blood samples from 100 cows were obtained for DNA isolation. The primer used in this study amplified 411-bp fragments at exon 8 of the DGAT1 gene. DNA sequencing methods were applied to detect single nucleotide polymorphism of the DGAT1 gene in 100 cows. The nucleotide sequences of exon 8 of the DGAT1 gene were registered for local Iraqi cattle in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), and the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the following accession numbers (LC492073 and LC492074). The results showed the presence of two polymorphic sites leading to the construction of 2 different haplotypes in the cow. Haplotype diversity was 0.536, while nucleotide diversity was 0.0031. Two single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of the DGAT1 gene were detected, namely A10433G (A/G) and A10434C (A/C). The resulting of this mutation changes lysine to alanine substitution at position 232 (A232K mutation) of amino acid sequence. Geneious software V. 2020.0.4 was used to detect genotypes of the DGAT1 gene, as the sequence alignment showed the presence of three genotypes. The genotypic frequencies of KK, KA, and AA were 0.40, 0.30, and 0.30, respectively. Frequencies of K and A alleles were 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. The KK genotype was significantly (P 0.05) associated with higher fat yield. Therefore, the DGAT1 gene could serve as a genetic marker for the selection of fat yield in cows.

scholarly journals Analyses of genetic relationships between linear type traits, fat-to-protein ratio, milk production traits, and somatic cell count in first-parity Czech Holstein cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zink ◽  
L. Zavadilová ◽  
J. Lassen ◽  
M. Štípková ◽  
M. Vacek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Score ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Fat Yield

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between production traits, selected linear type traits, and somatic cell score were estimated. The results could be useful for breeding programs involving Czech Holstein dairy cows or other populations. A series of bivariate analyses was applied whereby (co)variance components were estimated using average information (AI-REML) implemented via the DMU statistical package. Chosen phenotypic data included average somatic cell score per a 305-day standard first lactation as well as the production traits milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage per the standard first lactation. Fifteen classified linear type traits were added, as they were measured at first lactation in the Czech Holstein population. All phenotypic data were collected within the progeny testing program of the Czech-Moravian Breeders Corporation from 2005 to 2009. The number of animals for each linear type trait was 59&nbsp;454, except for locomotion, for which 53 424 animals were recorded. The numbers of animals with records of&nbsp;milk production data were 43 992 for milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, and fat-to-protein percentage ratio and 43 978 for fat yield and protein yield. In total, 27 098 somatic cell score records were available. The strongest positive genetic correlation between production traits and linear type traits was estimated between udder width and fat yield (0.51 &plusmn; 0.04), while the strongest negative correlation estimated was between body condition score and fat yield (&minus;0.45 &plusmn; 0.03). Other estimated correlations were between those two extremes but generally they were close to zero or positive. The strongest negative phenotypic correlations were estimated between udder depth and milk yield and protein yield (both &minus;0.17), while the strongest positive phenotypic correlations were estimated between milk yield, protein yield, and udder width (both 0.32). &nbsp;

scholarly journals Genetic parameters between somatic cell score and production traits for Holstein cattle in Southern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Gabrieli S Romano ◽  
Luis Fernando B Pinto ◽  
Altair A Valloto ◽  
José-Augusto Horst ◽  
Victor B Pedrosa
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Somatic Cell Score ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Selection For

Background: Somatic cell score is an important parameter to predict milk quality and health of cows. However, in countries like Brazil, this trait is still not selected on a large scale, and no genetic parameters are reported in the literature. Objective: To estimate the variance components and genetic parameters for somatic cell score, milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage in Holstein cows. Methods: Records from 56,718 animals were used to estimate variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations using a multi-trait animal model by the REML method. Results: The heritability estimates were 0.19 for somatic cell score, 0.22 for milk yield, 0.26 for fat yield, 0.18 for protein yield, 0.61 for fat percentage, and 0.65 for protein percentage. The estimates of genetic correlations among analyzed traits ranged from -0.50 to 0.82. Conclusion: The low heritability observed for somatic cell score indicates that selection for this trait should result in benefits related to animal health and milk quality, but only in the long term. The low correlation between productive traits and somatic cell score indicates that inclusion of somatic cell score in animal breeding programs does not interfere negatively with the genetic selection for milk yield or solids.Keywords: Holstein; genetic correlation; genetic parameters; heritability; mastitis; milk quality; milk yield; multi-trait model; somatic cell score; variance components.  Resumen Antecedentes: El conteo de células somáticas es un parámetro importante para predecir la calidad de la leche y la salud de las vacas. Sin embargo, en países como Brasil, esta característica aún no se selecciona a gran escala y no se reportan parámetros genéticos en la literatura. Objetivo: Estimar los componentes de varianza y parámetros genéticos para el conteo de células somáticas, producción de leche, producción de grasa, producción de proteína, porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de proteína en vacas de la raza Holstein. Métodos: Se usaron registros de 56.718 animales para estimar los componentes de la varianza, heredabilidad y correlaciones genéticas usando un modelo animal multicaracterístico por medio del método REML. Resultados: Las estimaciones de heredabilidad fueron 0,19 para el conteo de células somáticas, 0,22 para la producción de leche, 0,26 para la producción de grasa, 0,18 para producción de proteína, 0,61 para el porcentaje de grasa y 0,65 para el porcentaje de proteína. Las estimaciones de correlación genética entre las características analizadas variaron entre -0,50 a 0,82. Conclusión: La baja heredabilidad encontrada para conteo de células somáticas demostró que la selección para esta característica podría resultar en beneficios para la salud animal y calidad de la leche, pero sólo a largo plazo. La baja correlación genética existente entre las características productivas y el conteo de células somáticas indica que la inclusión del conteo de células somáticas en programas de selección no interfiere negativamente en la selección genética para la producción de leche o sólidos.Palabras clave: calidad de leche; correlación genética; conteo de células somáticas; componentes de varianza; heredabilidad; Holstein; mastitis; modelo multicaracteristico; parametros geneticos; producción de leche; selección genetica. Resumo Antecedentes: O escore de células somáticas é um parâmetro importante para a predição da qualidade do leite, bem como para a saúde das vacas. No entanto, em alguns países como o Brasil, essa característica não é selecionada em larga escala e não há parâmetros genéticos disponíveis na literatura. Objetivo: Estimar os componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos para o escore de células somáticas, produção de leite, produção de gordura, produção de proteína, porcentagem de gordura e porcentagem de proteína em vacas da raça Holandesa. Métodos: Foi utilizado um total de 56.718 animais para estimar os componentes de variância, herdabilidade e correlações genéticas, considerando-se o modelo animal multicaracterística por meio do método REML. Resultados: As estimativas de herdabilidade foram de 0,19 para o escore de células somáticas, 0,22 para a produção de leite, 0,26 para a produção de gordura, 0,18 para produção de proteína, 0,61 para a porcentagem de gordura e 0,65 para a porcentagem de proteína. As estimativas de correlação genética entre as características analisadas variaram entre -0,50 a 0,82. Conclusão: A baixa herdabilidade encontrada para o escore de células somáticas demonstrou que a seleção para esta característica poderá resultar em benefícios para a saúde animal e qualidade do leite, porém, somente a longo prazo. A baixa correlação genética existente entre as características produtivas e o escore de células somáticas demonstrou que a inclusão do escore de células somáticas em programas de seleção não causa interferência negativa na seleção genética para a produção de leite ou sólidos.Palavras-chave: componentes de variância; correlação genéticas; escore de células somáticas; herdabilidade; mastite; modelo multicaracterística; parâmetros genéticos; produção de leite; qualidade do leite; raça Holandesa; seleção genética.

scholarly journals Associations between polymorphisms of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B genes and Milk production traits in Chinese Holstein

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruike Jia ◽  
Yihan Fu ◽  
Lingna Xu ◽  
Houcheng Li ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Percentage Protein

Abstract Background Our preliminary work confirmed that, SLC22A7 (solute carrier family 22 member 7), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor), ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like) and PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bβ) genes were differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in the lipid metabolism through insulin, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, mTOR, and PPAR signaling pathways, so we considered these four genes as the candidates affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected polymorphisms of the four genes and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By resequencing the whole coding region and part of the flanking region of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B, we totally found 20 SNPs, of which five were located in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR, three in ARNTL, and four in PPP2R2B. Using Haploview4.2, we found three haplotype blocks including five SNPs in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR and three in ARNTL. Single-SNP association analysis showed that 19 out of 20 SNPs were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (P < 0.05). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that the three haplotypes were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (P < 0.05). Further, we used SOPMA software to predict a SNP, 19:g.37095131C > T in NGFR, changed the structure of NGFR protein. In addition, we used Jaspar software to found that four SNPs, 19:g.37113872C > G,19:g.37113157C > T, and 19:g.37112276C > T in NGFR and 15:g.39320936A > G in ARNTL, could change the transcription factor binding sites and might affect the expression of the corresponding genes. These five SNPs might be the potential functional mutations for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Conclusions In summary, we proved that SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B have significant genetic effects on milk production traits. The valuable SNPs can be used as candidate genetic markers for genomic selection of dairy cattle, and the effects of these SNPs on other traits need to be further verified.

Some production traits and phenotypic relationships betweenudder and production traits of Hair goats

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okan Atay ◽  
Özdal Gokdal
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Animal Material ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Production Characteristics

The study was conducted to determine the production characteristics and to find out the phenotypic relationships between udder and milk production traits in Hair goats. A total of 403 Hair Goats under extensive conditions of Çine town of Aydin province of Turkey were constituted the animal material of the study. The live weights of all goats were recorded just before breeding season. Milk was measured in every month according to the basis of morning or evening milking in a day to estimation of milk yields. Live weights of kids were recorded monthly intervals. Measurements for udder characteristics were determined for two times at 30th and at 180th of the lactation period. Average lactation length, lactation milk yield and daily milk yield of goats were 192.4 days, 139.1 kg and 0.7 kg, respectively. The live weights at birth, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th days of goat kids were 3.1, 8.6, 13.9, 19.1 and 24.5 kg, respectively. Mean values of withers height, body length and live weight of goats were measured as 73.2 cm, 71.3 cm and 54.5 kg, respectively. Udder and teat characteristics of goats were found positively correlated with milk production characteristics both 30th and 180th days of the lactation period. It can be concluded that Hair goats in extensive conditions had a substantial level of milk yield and their kids had sufficient levels of live weight gains. Furthermore, the udder measurements at the beginning of the lactation could be used for identifying the differences among does.

Genetic and environmental causes of variation in milk production traits of Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dahlin ◽  
U. N. Khan ◽  
A. H. Zafar ◽  
M. Saleem ◽  
M. A. Chaudhry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Expectation Maximization Algorithm ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Environmental Causes

AbstractData from about 4000 Sahiwal cows from eight large herds in Pakistan were used to study the influence of genetic and environmental factors on some milk production traits. First-lactation mean values were 1363 kg, 1395 kg and 252 days for milk yield up to 305 days after calving, total lactation yield and lactation length, respectively. Second and third lactation yields were proportionately 0·12 and 0·18 higher, respectively, at 305 days. The effect of herd-year at calving was by far the most important source of variation for all traits. Heritabilities estimated in uni- and trivariate analyses, using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) with an expectation maximization algorithm for an animal model, ranged from 0·14 to 0·17 for first-lactation traits. The estimates were generally lower for second lactation and higher for third lactation traits. Genetic correlation between lactations for the same trait were close to unity, whilst the phenotypic were considerably lower. Repeatabilities for milk yield traits were 0·42 and for lactation length 0·31. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between first-lactation 305-day milk yield and lactation length were 0·83 and 0·71, respectively. Genetic trends for all traits were close to zero but a substantial deterioration in performance, caused by negative environmental factors, was observed. Although the heritabilities were low, the prospects for genetic improvement are good, as indicated by a rather large additive genetic variation. A multivariate animal model, including the first three lactations of 305-day milk yield, was recommended for the most accurate prediction of breeding values for milk production.

scholarly journals Genetic Effects of LPIN1 Polymorphisms on Milk Production Traits in Dairy Cattle

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Han ◽  
Yuwei Yuan ◽  
Ruobing Liang ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Haplotype Blocks ◽  
Flanking Region ◽  
Fat Yield

Our initial RNA sequencing work identified that lipin 1 (LPIN1) was differentially expressed during dry period, early lactation, and peak of lactation in dairy cows, and it was enriched into the fat metabolic Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways, thus we considered LPIN1 as the candidate gene for milk production traits. In this study, we detected the polymorphisms of LPIN1 and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition in a Chinese Holstein cow population. We found seven SNPs by re-sequencing the entire coding region and partial flanking region of LPIN1, including one in 5′ flanking region, four in exons, and two in 3′ flanking region. Of these, four SNPs, c.637T > C, c.708A > G, c.1521C > T, and c.1555A > C, in the exons were predicted to result in the amino acid replacements. With the Haploview 4.2, we found that seven SNPs in LPIN1 formed two haplotype blocks (D′ = 0.98–1.00). Single-SNP association analyses showed that SNPs were significantly associated with milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, or protein yield in the first or second lactation (p = < 0.0001–0.0457), and only g.86049389C > T was strongly associated with protein percentage in both lactations (p = 0.0144 and 0.0237). The haplotype-based association analyses showed that the two haplotype blocks were significantly associated with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, or protein percentage (p = < 0.0001–0.0383). By quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that LPIN1 had relatively high expression in mammary gland and liver tissues. Furthermore, we predicted three SNPs, c.637T > C, c.708A > G, and c.1521C > T, using SOPMA software, changing the LPIN1 protein structure that might be potential functional mutations. In summary, we demonstrated the significant genetic effects of LPIN1 on milk production traits, and the identified SNPs could serve as genetic markers for dairy breeding.

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