The Maintenance and Vitality of Hindi in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-335
Author(s):  
Surendra Gambhir ◽  
Vijay Gambhir
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Capacity Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Development Opportunity ◽  
Educational Initiatives ◽  
First And Second Generation

This article examines the current status of Hindi in the United States, following Grin’s and Lo Bianco’s framework of language maintenance and revitalization, based on the principles of Capacity Development, Opportunity Creation, and Desire. It gives linguistic profiles of first-and second-generation speakers of Hindi and looks at the various community, state, federal, and educational initiatives that promote the use and learning of Hindi. A description of current opportunities and the desire to maintain and develop Hindi helps us understand steps needed to maintain and further vitalize Hindi as a heritage language in the United States.

Expanding Capacity, Opportunity, and Desire to Learn Korean as a Heritage Language

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Shin ◽  
Jin Sook Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Capacity Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Program Staff ◽  
Development Opportunity ◽  
Heritage Students ◽  
Opportunity Creation

Informed by the Capacity development, Opportunity creation, and Desire (COD) framework, this paper examines the current status and future development of Korean as a heritage language in the United States. Compared to a generation ago, the current heritage Korean learner population includes a greater percentage of children who come from homes where Korean is not spoken daily. We explain the importance of understanding the needs of these "non-traditional" heritage students and discuss how parents and heritage program staff are finding innovative ways to create domains for the naturalistic use of Korean and for stimulating children’s desire to learn Korean.

“It is the hardest to keep”: Kurdish as a heritage language in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (237) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaffer Sheyholislami ◽  
Amir Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
The Us ◽  
First And Second Generation

AbstractThis article situates the Kurdish language within the diasporic context of the United States, and explores the roles that the language plays for the community. This is investigated through a mixed method encompassing literature and media reviews, interviews with community members and leaders, and a survey conducted among the Kurds in Southern California. The findings show that both first and second generation Kurds see their language not only as a symbol of their cultural identity and survival but a means of building and maintaining relations with each other, with other Kurds in the US, with relatives in the homeland, and also with their heritage. Nevertheless, members of the second generation think that language constitutes one of the most challenging cultural heritage elements to keep for many linguistic, socio-economic, cultural, and political reasons. The article concludes that there are no easy ways of maintaining minority languages like Kurdish much less transmitting them to future generations. The prospect for a promising future seems highly unlikely as long as heritage languages in the US are perceived as personal choices only, and the state does not assume responsibility for their maintenance let alone their transmission to future generations of newer immigrants.

Assimilation of the Puerto Ricans on the Mainland

1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
John J. Macisco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Labor Force Status ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
First And Second Generation

Social scientists have repeatedly tried to specify the process whereby assimilation takes place. This article points out the value of socio-demographic analysis in the study of assimilation, by describing the characteristics of Puerto Ricans on the United States mainland. In order to assess the direction of change between the first and second generation Puerto Ricans, data for the total United States population are also presented. Most of the data are drawn from the 1960 Census. First generation Puerto Ricans are compared with the second generation along the following dimensions: age, education, labor force status, income, occupation, age at first marriage, percent outgroup marriage and fertility. The Author concludes that second generation Puerto Ricans are moving in the direction of total United States averages.

Religion, Social Incorporation, and Civic Engagement among Generations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prema A. Kurien
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Immigrant Generation ◽  
Intergenerational Differences ◽  
First And Second Generation

Chapter 5 shows how negotiations and disagreements between generations shape the civic engagement of Mar Thoma American congregations in the United States and India. Recent studies have demonstrated that participation in religious institutions facilitates the civic incorporation of contemporary immigrants. These studies have focused on either the immigrant generation or on the second generation. In one way or another, these studies indicate that concepts of identity and of religious obligation play an important role in motivating civic participation. Not surprisingly, given the different models of religion of immigrants and their children, definitions of community and their perceived Christian obligations toward this community varied between first- and second-generation Mar Thomites. There are no academic studies that examine how intergenerational differences in the understanding of religious and racial identity affect the civic engagement of multigenerational congregations. This is important to understand, however, as most religious institutions of contemporary immigrants are multigenerational.

Parental Involvement among First- and Second-generation Latin Americans in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2094855
Author(s):  
Karen Z. Kramer ◽  
Esra Şahin ◽  
Qiujie Gong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
American Immigrant ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
First And Second Generation

Immigration to a host culture often involves significant changes in parenting norms and behaviors. The authors take an acculturation lens to explore parental involvement among different generations of Latin American immigrant families. It compares the quantity and type of parental involvement of first- and second-generation Latin American immigrants to that of parents who are at least a third generation in the United States while examining whether differences exist between mothers and fathers. Data from the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey are used for our analyses, which finds differences between parenting behaviors of first-generation immigrants from Latin America and third-generation parents. Second-generation mothers were also found to be significantly different from third-generation mothers in almost every type of parental involvement, while second-generation Latin American fathers were similar to third-generation fathers in quantity and type of parental involvement.

The Linguistic Vitality of Chinese in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304
Author(s):  
Na Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Linguistic Vitality

This article examines the current status of Chinese as a heritage language (CHL) in the United States, referring to the Capacity-Opportunity-Desire (COD) framework (Grin, 1990, 2003; LoBianco, 2008). After briefly describing the linguistic profile of Chinese immigrants in the United States, the current status and future prospects of CHL in the United States are discussed. Thearticle concludes that a wide variety of programs are available to CHLspeakers, compared to those available decades ago. However, heritage speakers’ capacity in Chinese will be developed only when they have opportunities to use thelanguage and a desire to learn it.

Class Actions in Historical and Comparative Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-48
Author(s):  
Michael Molavi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Class Actions ◽  
Generation Regime ◽  
First And Second Generation

This chapter outlines the historical and comparative context of class actions that have developed since their modern origins in the United States. It traces the development of the United States as a first generation regime, followed by Canada and Australia as second generation regimes. It also examines the recent efforts to institute collective mechanisms and the ways in which these developments have progressed. The chapter focuses on first and second generation regimes for comparative insights in order to understand their influencing developments in England and Wales as a third generation regime. It illuminates and situates developments in a broader historical and comparative perspective to provide a better sense of the lineage of the vehicle and the extent to which extant developments in England and Wales are falling short of their access to justice potential.

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