scholarly journals Edward Bliss Emerson, the Medical Tourist

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Géigel
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Unusual Event ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Medical Tourist

Traveling for health reasons was not an unusual event for wealthy and wellto-do members of society both in North America and Europe in the early 19th century. Edward Bliss Emerson is an example of those who traveled for health reasons. Books and newspapers at that time, like today, incited the infirm to travel to far-away places where the climate and the surroundings would take care of their ills. This essay will look at medical tourism, especially in the Caribbean, as seen through the eyes of Edward Emerson.

scholarly journals Reconciling reconstructed and simulated features of the winter Pacific–North-American pattern in the early 19th century

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 4425-4468
Author(s):  
D. Zanchettin ◽  
O. Bothe ◽  
F. Lehner ◽  
P. Ortega ◽  
C. C. Raible ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Pacific North American ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Northwestern North America

Abstract. Reconstructions of past climate behavior often describe prominent anomalous periods that are not necessarily captured in climate simulations. Here, we illustrate the contrast between an interdecadal strong positive phase of the winter Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) in the early 19th century that is described by a PNA reconstruction based on tree-rings from northwestern North America, and a slight tendency towards negative winter PNA anomalies during the same period in an ensemble of state-of-the-art coupled climate simulations. Additionally, a pseudo-proxy investigation with the same simulation ensemble allows assessing the robustness of PNA reconstructions using solely geophysical predictors from northwestern North America for the last millennium. The reconstructed early-19th-century positive PNA anomaly emerges as a potentially reliable feature, although it is subject to a number of sources of uncertainty and potential deficiencies. The pseudo-reconstructions demonstrate that the early-19th-century discrepancy between reconstructed and simulated PNA does not stem from the reconstruction process. Instead, reconstructed and simulated features of the early-19th-century PNA can be reconciled by interpreting the reconstructed evolution during this time as an expression of internal climate variability, hence unlikely to be reproduced in its exact temporal occurrence by a small ensemble of climate simulations. However, firm attribution of the reconstructed PNA anomaly is hampered by known limitations and deficiencies of coupled climate models and uncertainties in the early-19th-century external forcing and background climate conditions.

scholarly journals Origin and evolution of turiasaur dinosaurs set by means of a new ‘rosetta’ specimen from Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-227
Author(s):  
Rafael Royo-Torres ◽  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Pedro Mocho ◽  
Luis Alcalá
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Character Variation ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Turiasauria is a non-neosauropod eusauropod clade of dinosaurs known since 2006, when the description of Turiasaurus was published. This group, including Losillasaurus, was originally thought to have been restricted to the Late Jurassic of Spain. However, over the last decade, our knowledge of this group has improved with the discovery of new taxa such as Zby from the Portuguese Late Jurassic, Tendaguria from the Tanzanian Late Jurassic and Mierasaurus and Moabosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of the USA. Here, we describe a new specimen of Losillasaurus from Spain, which allows us to better understand the character variation in the cranial and postcranial skeleton. The review of some sauropod fauna of Madagascar, and inclusion of some specimens of Turiasauria, suggest that this clade might have arisen in the Middle Jurassic. According to our phylogenetic results, a specimen found in the early 19th century in Madagascar is shown to be the oldest and only member of Turiasauria represented in the Middle Jurassic thus far. This is named Narindasaurus thevenini gen. & sp. nov.. Turiasauria is thus known from the Middle Jurassic in Pangaea, diversified in the Late Jurassic in Gondwana and Laurasia, and dispersed during the Early Cretaceous to North America.

scholarly journals Reconciling reconstructed and simulated features of the winter Pacific/North American pattern in the early 19th century

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 939-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zanchettin ◽  
O. Bothe ◽  
F. Lehner ◽  
P. Ortega ◽  
C. C. Raible ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Pacific North American ◽  
Internal Climate Variability ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Northwestern North America

Abstract. Reconstructions of past climate behavior often describe prominent anomalous periods that are not necessarily captured in climate simulations. Here, we illustrate the contrast between an interdecadal strong positive phase of the winter Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) in the early 19th century that is described by a PNA reconstruction based on tree rings from northwestern North America, and a slight tendency towards negative winter PNA anomalies during the same period in an ensemble of state-of-the-art coupled climate simulations. Additionally, a pseudo-proxy investigation with the same simulation ensemble allows for assessing the robustness of PNA reconstructions using solely geophysical predictors from northwestern North America for the last millennium. The reconstructed early 19th-century positive PNA anomaly emerges as a potentially reliable feature, although the pseudo-reconstructions are subject to a number of sources of uncertainty and deficiencies highlighted especially at multidecadal and centennial timescales. The pseudo-reconstructions demonstrate that the early 19th-century discrepancy between reconstructed and simulated PNA does not stem from the reconstruction process. Instead, reconstructed and simulated features of the early 19th-century PNA can be reconciled by interpreting the reconstructed evolution during this time as an expression of internal climate variability, which is unlikely to be reproduced in its exact temporal occurrence by a small ensemble of climate simulations. However, firm attribution of the reconstructed PNA anomaly is hampered by known limitations and deficiencies of coupled climate models and uncertainties in the early 19th-century external forcing and background climate state.

The Kitajskaja grammatika (1835) and Bičurin’s ideas on the “mechanism” of Chinese between European and Chinese grammatical traditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Anna Di Toro
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Early 19Th Century

The main contribution of Bičurin in the field of Chinese language, the Kitajskaja grammatika (1835), is still quite understudied, even though it represents the first grammar of Chinese written in Russian. Through a rapid overview of some of the early grammars of Chinese written by European authors and the analysis of some sections of the book, in which the Russian sinologist expounds the mechanism of Chinese, the paper dwells on the original ideas on this language developed by the Russian sinologist, inspired both by European and Chinese grammatical traditions. A particular attention is devoted to Bičurin’s concept of “mental modification”, related to the linguistic ideas discussed in Europe in the early 19th century.

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