Responses to song playback differ in sleeping versus anesthetized songbirds

Vocal learning in songbirds is mediated by a highly localized system of interconnected forebrain regions, including recurrent loops that traverse the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. This brain-behavior system provides a powerful model for elucidating mechanisms of vocal learning, with implications for learning speech in human infants, as well as for advancing our understanding of skill learning in general. A long history of experiments in this area has tested neural responses to playback of different song stimuli in anesthetized birds at different stages of vocal development. These studies have demonstrated selectivity for different song types that provide neural signatures of learning. In contrast to the ease of obtaining responses to song playback in anesthetized birds, song-evoked responses in awake birds are greatly reduced or absent, indicating that behavioral state is an important determinant of neural responsivity. Song-evoked responses can be elicited in sleeping as well as anesthetized zebra finches, and the selectivity of responses to song playback in adult birds tends to be highly similar between anesthetized and sleeping states, encouraging the idea that anesthesia and sleep are highly similar. In contrast to that idea, we report evidence that cortical responses to song playback in juvenile zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) differ greatly between sleep and urethane anesthesia. This finding indicates that behavioral states differ in sleep versus anesthesia and raises questions about relationships between developmental changes in sleep activity, selectivity for different song types, and the neural substrate for vocal learning.

STRESS IN ALEX MICHAELIDAS’ NOVEL THE SILENT PATIENT

The study focuses on the stress experienced by the protagonist, Alicia Berenson. The main purpose of this study is to determine the types and the impacts of stress experienced by the protagonist by the name of Alicia Berenson, based on the theory of stress proposed by Priyoto (2014). In analyzing The Silent Patient, the researchers use qualitative research method to process and arranges the data. The data collected are divided into two categories i.e. primary data and secondary data. The primary data is the novel The Silent Patient (2019), and the researchers find fifteen data to be included in the analysis. The secondary data are books and other sources related to the analysis such as books or journals of stress issues, literary theory, the author’s biography, internet and other relevant information to the analysis of this research paper. The data are collected through library research and searched based on the explanation from types and the impact of Stress proposed by Priyoto. The results of the study show the following conclusion. First, Alicia suffers from chronic stress which can be shown through impaired social relationships and nervousness. Second, the behavioral impact is shown through changes in the behavior system to be silent, aggressive behavior and self-injured.

“What should be computed” for supporting post-pandemic recovery policymaking? A life-oriented perspective

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused various impacts on people’s lives, while changes in people’s lives have shown mixed effects on mitigating the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Understanding how to capture such two-way interactions is crucial, not only to control the pandemic but also to support post-pandemic urban recovery policies. As suggested by the life-oriented approach, the above interactions exist with respect to a variety of life domains, which form a complex behavior system. Through a review of the literature, this paper first points out inconsistent evidence about behavioral factors affecting the spread of COVID-19, and then argues that existing studies on the impacts of COVID-19 on people’s lives have ignored behavioral co-changes in multiple life domains. Furthermore, selected uncertain trends of people’s lives for the post-pandemic recovery are described. Finally, this paper concludes with a summary about “what should be computed?” in Computational Urban Science with respect to how to catch up with delays in the SDGs caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, how to address digital divides and dilemmas of e-society, how to capture behavioral co-changes during the post-pandemic recovery process, and how to better manage post-pandemic recovery policymaking processes.

Identification of Psychological Crisis Signals of College Students Based on the Dufferin Equation

This paper presents an in-depth analysis and research on the identification of psychological crisis signals of college students using the optimized Dufferin equation. The early warning index system of college students’ psychological crisis was established and tested on 300 junior college students, and the early warning system of college students’ psychological crisis was established by using structural equation model, focusing on the mediating effect of coping mode between stress source and stress response and the mediating effect of stress source between social support and stress response. At the same time, the characteristics of psychological crises among college students of different genders and grades were compared and analyzed. To address the shortcomings of the classical Dufferin equation with limited noise immunity, the use of a higher-order double-coupled Dufferin system was further improved. A detection model based on the higher-order double-coupled system was established, and its feasibility was verified by the psychological crisis signal. The geometric features of the phase trajectory are adopted as the basis for judging the system state, which greatly reduces the computational effort. Based on defining the conceptual connotation of college students’ psychological crisis behavior system, the vulnerability of college students’ psychological crisis behavior system is interpreted from the perspective of system self-organization theory, and the vulnerability of college students’ psychological crisis behavior is mainly expressed in latent and manifest states, and its vulnerability transformation is a self-organization process. A questionnaire survey was conducted for ordinary college students to examine the performance of college students’ vulnerability state of the subject who endured college students’ psychological crisis behavior, and it was concluded that most college students appear to be normal and healthy on the surface, but college students’ vulnerability is in an uncertain state of intermediate transition.

Surprise-induced enhancements in the associability of Pavlovian cues facilitate learning across behavior systems

Surprising violations of outcome expectancies have long been known to enhance the associability of Pavlovian cues; that is, the rate at which the cue enters into further associations. The adaptive value of such enhancements resides in promoting new learning in the face of uncertainty. However, it is unclear whether associability enhancements reflect increased associative plasticity within a particular behavior system, or whether they can facilitate learning between a cue and any arbitrary outcome, as suggested by attentional models of conditioning. Here, we show evidence consistent with the latter hypothesis. Violating the outcome expectancies generated by a cue in an appetitive setting (feeding behavior system) facilitated subsequent learning about the cue in an aversive setting (defense behavior system). In addition to shedding light on the nature of associability enhancements, our findings offer the neuroscientist a behavioral tool to dissociate their neural substrates from those of other, behavior system- or valence-specific changes. Moreover, our results present an opportunity to utilize associability enhancements to the advantage of counterconditioning procedures in therapeutic contexts.

Membrane Technologies and Applications to Produced Water Treatment

Various technologies to treat produced water have been extensively reviewed in the literature, including membranes and physical, biological, thermal, or chemical treatments. Fundamental principles of membrane technology, such as separation mechanism, fouling behavior, system configuration, and energy efficiency, had been described.13, 16-21 The advantages and drawbacks of membranes against the competing technologies were discussed. Without intending to exhaustively review the membrane technology for produced water treatment, this chapter aims to provide examples of state-of-the-art membranes and processes for treating the produced water. The challenges of the membrane technology are described, and various strategies of membrane design and modification to overcome the challenges are presented.

FWS: Analyzing, maintaining and transcompiling firewalls

Firewalls are essential for managing and protecting computer networks. They permit specifying which packets are allowed to enter a network, and also how these packets are modified by IP address translation and port redirection. Configuring a firewall is notoriously hard, and one of the reasons is that it requires using low level, hard to interpret, configuration languages. Equally difficult are policy maintenance and refactoring, as well as porting a configuration from one firewall system to another. To address these issues we introduce a pipeline that assists system administrators in checking if: (i) the intended security policy is actually implemented by a configuration; (ii) two configurations are equivalent; (iii) updates have the desired effect on the firewall behavior; (iv) there are useless or redundant rules; additionally, an administrator can (v) transcompile a configuration into an equivalent one in a different language; and (vi) maintain a configuration using a generic, declarative language that can be compiled into different target languages. The pipeline is based on IFCL, an intermediate firewall language equipped with a formal semantics, and it is implemented in an open source tool called FWS. In particular, the first stage decompiles real firewall configurations for iptables, ipfw, pf and (a subset of) Cisco IOS into IFCL. The second one transforms an IFCL configuration into a logical predicate and uses the Z3 solver to synthesize an abstract specification that succinctly represents the firewall behavior. System administrators can use FWS to analyze the firewall by posing SQL-like queries, and update the configuration to meet the desired security requirements. Finally, the last stage allows for maintaining a configuration by acting directly on its abstract specification and then compiling it to the chosen target language. Tests on real firewall configurations show that FWS can be fruitfully used in real-world scenarios.

Ethics and Human Dignity as Communication of Javanese Family that Interfaith Religious Life

Character values ​​are important for the Indonesian people, especially in Java. Therefore, parents have a role and responsibility in realizing ethical values ​​to their children. For example, the children's habit of greeting guests when they come to visit is part of the assessment of Javanese manners. However, not all parents have the same background so it is easy to realize the value of children's character. One of the differences in the backgrounds of parents is differences in religion. Although Indonesia is one of the countries that does not legalize interfaith marriage, in fact, there are many interfaith marriages. Therefore, the aim of this research is to reveal the phenomenon of Ethics and Human Dignity as Communication of Javanese Family in Difference Religious Life. This research describes the behavior of individuals of different religions which are manifested in their daily social life by referring to Javanese politeness rules or manners. Social manners and politeness in Java determine the shape of the relationship between humans, determining which movements and language are used to express respect. In Javanese mindset and religion regarding human life and life in this realm are not cognitive-experiential in nature. The Javanese mindset does not make an essential definition about “what is life” but is more preoccupied with the problem about "how man reaches jumeneng as ‘tetungguling laku’. The Javanese family behavior system has a cosmic philosophical meaning, the balance between microcosmos and macrocosmos, namely the interrelation of individual and social life between oneself and others.