a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ree Botts ◽  
Osceola Ward
Keyword(s):  
Black Death ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Black Intellectual ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
The Individual

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness is a call into grief for communities of Black folks working to survive Quarantine 2020. We meditate on what wake work looks and feels like in this particular season of Black suffering, as we grapple with the weight of quotidian Black death and the possibilities for the restoration of sacred Black lives. Using a methodology of reflexive poetics, we paint portraits of intimate ontology, inner worlds, and unraveling. We use repetition as a tool for deep emphasis, and write in and out of I and We statements to illustrate the multitude of voices present within this text - the collective love of we, the individual I, the communal fight of us, and the sacred oneness of Spirit. We work to reimagine our relationship with reading, writing and words in order to reject performative notions of intellect that often divorce us from the intimacy so necessary for engagement with the Black intellectual tradition, particularly the subsets of our tradition that center our imaginaries of fugitivity beyond suffering. We acknowledge that, in order to write care into the wake, we must first center language that makes space for our affective experiences. By refusing the gaze of academia and reclaiming our intimacy to education beyond the project of schooling, we free ourselves up to write creatively, illegibly, and in dissonance. In fact, we see our writing as a fugitive practice in and of itself, one that allows us to reclaim our voices to map out new sites of marronage where we might nestle ourselves up into alternative scapes of freedom.

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ree Botts ◽  
Osceola Ward
Keyword(s):  
Black Death ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Black Intellectual ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
The Individual

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness is a call into grief for communities of Black folks working to survive Quarantine 2020. We meditate on what wake work looks and feels like in this particular season of Black suffering, as we grapple with the weight of quotidian Black death and the possibilities for the restoration of sacred Black lives. Using a methodology of reflexive poetics, we paint portraits of intimate ontology, inner worlds, and unraveling. We use repetition as a tool for deep emphasis, and write in and out of I and We statements to illustrate the multitude of voices present within this text - the collective love of we, the individual I, the communal fight of us, and the sacred oneness of Spirit. We work to reimagine our relationship with reading, writing and words in order to reject performative notions of intellect that often divorce us from the intimacy so necessary for engagement with the Black intellectual tradition, particularly the subsets of our tradition that center our imaginaries of fugitivity beyond suffering. We acknowledge that, in order to write care into the wake, we must first center language that makes space for our affective experiences. By refusing the gaze of academia and reclaiming our intimacy to education beyond the project of schooling, we free ourselves up to write creatively, illegibly, and in dissonance. In fact, we see our writing as a fugitive practice in and of itself, one that allows us to reclaim our voices to map out new sites of marronage where we might nestle ourselves up into alternative scapes of freedom.

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ree Botts ◽  
Osceola Ward
Keyword(s):  
Black Death ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Black Intellectual ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
The Individual

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness is a call into grief for communities of Black folks working to survive Quarantine 2020. We meditate on what wake work looks and feels like in this particular season of Black suffering, as we grapple with the weight of quotidian Black death and the possibilities for the restoration of sacred Black lives. Using a methodology of reflexive poetics, we paint portraits of intimate ontology, inner worlds, and unraveling. We use repetition as a tool for deep emphasis, and write in and out of I and We statements to illustrate the multitude of voices present within this text - the collective love of we, the individual I, the communal fight of us, and the sacred oneness of Spirit. We work to reimagine our relationship with reading, writing and words in order to reject performative notions of intellect that often divorce us from the intimacy so necessary for engagement with the Black intellectual tradition, particularly the subsets of our tradition that center our imaginaries of fugitivity beyond suffering. We acknowledge that, in order to write care into the wake, we must first center language that makes space for our affective experiences. By refusing the gaze of academia and reclaiming our intimacy to education beyond the project of schooling, we free ourselves up to write creatively, illegibly, and in dissonance. In fact, we see our writing as a fugitive practice in and of itself, one that allows us to reclaim our voices to map out new sites of marronage where we might nestle ourselves up into alternative scapes of freedom.

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-114
Author(s):  
Ree Botts ◽  
Osceola Ward
Keyword(s):  
Black Death ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Black Intellectual ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
The Individual

a wake work for 2020: on meeting black grief with tenderness is a call into grief for communities of Black folks working to survive Quarantine 2020. We meditate on what wake work looks and feels like in this particular season of Black suffering, as we grapple with the weight of quotidian Black death and the possibilities for the restoration of sacred Black lives. Using a methodology of reflexive poetics, we paint portraits of intimate ontology, inner worlds, and unraveling. We use repetition as a tool for deep emphasis, and write in and out of I and We statements to illustrate the multitude of voices present within this text - the collective love of we, the individual I, the communal fight of us, and the sacred oneness of Spirit. We work to reimagine our relationship with reading, writing and words in order to reject performative notions of intellect that often divorce us from the intimacy so necessary for engagement with the Black intellectual tradition, particularly the subsets of our tradition that center our imaginaries of fugitivity beyond suffering. We acknowledge that, in order to write care into the wake, we must first center language that makes space for our affective experiences. By refusing the gaze of academia and reclaiming our intimacy to education beyond the project of schooling, we free ourselves up to write creatively, illegibly, and in dissonance. In fact, we see our writing as a fugitive practice in and of itself, one that allows us to reclaim our voices to map out new sites of marronage where we might nestle ourselves up into alternative scapes of freedom.

scholarly journals Physiological aspects of visual information perception of the oculomotor apparatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-402
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Grachev ◽  
◽  
Vladimir V. Kolesov ◽  
Galina Ya. Menshikova ◽  
Viktor I. Ryabenkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Visual Apparatus

The individual characteristics of the human visual apparatus are associated with the anatomical and psychophysiological parameters of his body. Based on the EyeTracking technology, the physiological aspects of the perception of visual information by the oculomotor apparatus, which are not associated with active cognitive activity, have been investigated. The individual features in the size of fixation when reading text and examining halftone graphic objects in various people have been investigated. The time durations of fixations in different people, associated with the process of accommodation, as well as the internal structure of fixations, were investigated. It is shown that the trajectory of the gaze shift in fixation has an internal heterogeneous structure. The total trajectory of eye movement in the fixation area is determined by a set of successive clusters. This fixation structure is apparently associated with the processes of restoration of the photosensitivity of rhodopsin in the photoreceptors of the retina. All the above studies of the fixations of various subjects on the basis of various images showed that the oculomotor system, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the visual apparatus, is equally controlled by the "video processor" of the brain when the eye is accommodated to the image elements. And the only objective individual feature of human vision, which uniquely characterizes the perception of graphic information, is the value of the average displacement in fixation. It is she who is the "visiting card" of the subject and remains practically unchanged both when reading and when examining halftone images and in test validation with forced fixation of the gaze.

Gaze control in the cat: studies and modeling of the coupling between orienting eye and head movements in different behavioral tasks

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Guitton ◽  
D. P. Munoz ◽  
H. L. Galiana
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Motor Error ◽  
Visible Target ◽  
The Individual

1. Orienting movements, consisting of coordinated eye and head displacements, direct the visual axis to the source of a sensory stimulus. A recent hypothesis suggests that the CNS may control gaze position (gaze = eye-relative-to-space = eye-relative-to-head + head-relative-to-space) by the use of a feedback circuit wherein an internally derived representation of gaze motor error drives both eye and head premotor circuits. In this paper we examine the effect of behavioral task on the individual and summed trajectories of horizontal eye- and head-orienting movements to gain more insight into how the eyes and head are coupled and controlled in different behavioral situations. 2. Cats whose heads were either restrained (head-fixed) or unrestrained (head-free) were trained to make orienting movements of any desired amplitude in a simple cat-and-mouse game we call the barrier paradigm. A rectangular opaque barrier was placed in front of the hungry animal who either oriented to a food target that was visible to one side of the barrier or oriented to a location on an edge of the barrier where it predicted the target would reappear from behind the barrier. 3. The dynamics (e.g., maximum velocity) and duration of eye- and head-orienting movements were affected by the task. Saccadic eye movements (head-fixed) elicited by the visible target attained greater velocity and had shorter durations than comparable amplitude saccades directed toward the predicted target. A similar observation has been made in human and monkey. In addition, when the head was unrestrained both the eye and head movements (and therefore gaze movements) were faster and shorter in the visible- compared with the predicted-target conditions. Nevertheless, the relative contributions of the eye and head to the overall gaze displacement remained task independent: i.e., the distance traveled by the eye and head movements was determined by the size of the gaze shift only. This relationship was maintained because the velocities of the eye and head movements covaried in the different behavioral situations. Gaze-velocity profiles also had characteristic shapes that were dependent on task. In the predicted-target condition these profiles tended to have flattened peaks, whereas when the target was visible the peaks were sharper. 4. Presentation of a visual cue (e.g., reappearance of food target) immediately before (less than 50 ms) the onset of a gaze shift to a predicted target triggered a midflight increase in first the eye- and, after approximately 20 ms, the head-movement velocity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The function and evasion of marriage fines on a fourteenth-century English manor

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRIAM MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Financial Disincentives ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Since Vinogradoff described merchet payments as ‘the most odious’ of the numerous manorial exactions for which villein tenants were liable, the fine for marriage, classically defined as a levy due from the villein upon the marriage of his daughter, has received a good deal of attention from historians. Although the issue of marriage licences has accordingly been tackled from various perspectives, in recent years the subject at the heart of a number of contributions to the topic was the question of seigneurial control. In tackling this matter, one has to ask what kind of control a manorial lord could or would want to exercise over the matters of matrimony of his social inferiors.An important contribution to the debate was provided in 1979 by Eleanor Searle. A key element in her argument was that marriage licences essentially constituted a tax on the chattels taken as dowry by the bride into her marriage, and as such were not universally enforced. Further, in her view merchet did not so much constitute a test of the status of the individual as one of tenure. At the same time she argued that merchets could be used by the lord to vet prospective marriage partners and thus control the transfers of tenant property lest the latter should slip into freehold tenure. By imposing financial disincentives, merchets, it was argued, also encouraged endogenous marriages. Richard Smith, while arguing that the rates of licences to marry were unlikely to reflect a proportional tax on dowries, nevertheless showed that merchets were not universally exacted and tended to fall predominantly upon richer tenants. Thus he took issue with R. Faith, who in a rejoinder to Searle's contribution suggested that the marriage licence constituted a tax on the marriage itself and was as such universally exacted.In order to consider these problems and test some of the propositions that have been made, this study aims to examine the practice of seigneurial exaction and hence the function of marriage licences, on the one hand, and the relevance and nature of tenant evasion of merchet payments on the other, on one manor from 1330 to 1377. Changes in seigneurial policy towards merchet payments will be analysed and placed in the wider context of the demographic and socio-economic changes affecting manorial life in this period. Within this framework three intertwined aspects of the licence to marry will be examined. First, focusing on the question of which tenants were liable to pay merchets and what constituted the criteria for this liability, the theory and practice of merchet exaction will be considered. Secondly the reasons for the lord's interest in the marriages of his tenants in conjunction with the routes open to him to influence villein marriages to his advantage will be explored. Thirdly the extent and consequences of tenant evasion of merchet fines will be assessed, whilst the clash between lord and tenant over marriage fines will be viewed in the wider context of lord–tenant friction, especially in the post-Black Death period. Central to this discussion, the role and importance of women in this particular act of non-compliance will be examined.

Foucauldian Docile Body in Dennis Lehane’s Shutter Island

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 2052
Author(s):  
Robab Beheshti ◽  
Mahdi Shafieyan
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Positive View ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Medical Gaze ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disciplinary System

This article presents a Foucauldian reading of Dennis Lehane’s Shutter Island. Depicting modern medical facilities, the book demonstrates disciplinary system and power manipulation on psychotic patients who are confined to cellular spaces, and are subjugated under medical gaze. Despite the patients’ resistance to the power, they are ultimately expected to be dominated and normalized. The ideas presented in the novel are in line with Foucault’s notion of “docile body”, discussed in his Discipline and Punish, which are considered as the key concepts of the research and are explored within the designated novels. Power as a penetrating force transforms the individual into a docile being which refers to a submissive and dynamic body; surveillance acts as physics of power and holds a constant gaze on the individual in a way that he is subjugated by the invisible observing power; confinement along with cellular distribution turns the individual to an analytical body. This research aims to explore the docilizing elements and achieved level of normalization within the novel of the study; it tries to investigate the extent to which the gaze held on the patients performs a positive result as discussed by Foucault. The study inspects the response of the body to disciplinary techniques and reveals that in Lehane’s novel, the effect of power manipulation is displayed as possibly counter-productive and repressive in docilizing the body which is contradictory to Foucault’s positive view of power.

The African Lords of the Intercontinental Gold Trade Before the Black Death: al-Hasan bin Sulaiman of Kilwa and Mansa Musa of Mali

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. G. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Calendar Date ◽  
External Sources ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
African Iron Age

Where we are able to combine external sources of the ‘medieval’ period with local African ones – oral and linguistic, ethnographic and archaeological – we can begin to discern the place of Africa, or of parts of it, in world history. At the same time, we begin to gain chronological perceptions for regions where otherwise we are apt to fall back on synchronic notions of ‘traditional’ cultures and societies living as if in a permanent ethnographic present. The occasional allusion bearing a calendar date of universal applicability presses questions of correlation over broad distances, in a way that radiocarbon measurements (which we should hesitate to call ‘dates’) cannot do. Notwithstanding the importance of the latter technique for the study of the African Iron Age, the individual results are inherently imprecise (whether ‘calibrated’ or not) and, being run on specific samples, bear frequently an uncertain relationship to the historical event or episode in question.

scholarly journals Language Diversity, Nonnative Accents, and Their Consequences at the Workplace: Recommendations for Individuals, Teams, and Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Kim ◽  
Loriann Roberson ◽  
Marcello Russo ◽  
Paola Briganti
Keyword(s):  
Nonnative English Speakers ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
International Mergers ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Nonnative Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effective Integration

As the workplace is becoming increasingly global, organizations are employing more persons who work in a nonnative language. Moreover, challenges in communication between employees with different linguistic background is inevitable in international mergers and acquisitions, and failure to recognize and address these challenges can create major obstacles to achieving effective integration benefits. Thus, it is imperative for global leaders and managers to understand the effects of language diversity on intraorganizational dynamics. The purpose of this article is to (1) examine the cognitive and affective experiences of both native and nonnative English speakers when they interact with one another and illustrate how language diversity can affect intergroup dynamics in organizations and (2) provide recommendations and interventions to global leaders and managers on how to create a productive and inclusive environment for both native and nonnative language-speaking employees at the individual, team, and organizational level.

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