Nasal carriage of highly resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by hospital staff in Hazara region of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Maria Rukan ◽  
Humaira Jamil ◽  
Habib Ali Bokhari ◽  
Aamer Ali Khattak ◽  
Allah Nawaz Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Operation Theatre ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Theatre Staff ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Objective: To isolate and characterise multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus from healthcare workers who are at potential risk of nosocomial infections. Methods: The observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 at different hospitals of Haripur and Abbottabad, Pakistan, and comprised ward and operation theatre staff. The isolates were identified on the basis of microbiological and biochemical tests and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic sensitivity testing, and panton valentine leukocidin and methicillin resistance mecA genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 208 isolates, 108(52%) were from the ward staff and 100(48%) were from the operation theatre staff. Overall, 167(80.3%) isolates were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, and 75(36%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The number of antibiotic-resistant isolates was 75(45%) cefoxitin, 60(36%) ofloxacin, 152(91%) erythromycin, 52(31%) doxycycline, 127(76%) lincomycin, 53(32%) amoxicillin-clavulanate, 67(40%) ciprofloxacin, and 89(53%) ceftriaxone. Conclusion: A high number of hospital staff, including those working in operation theatres, were found to be carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant strains in their nasal passage that may be a source of infection to patients. Key Words: Methicillin resistance, Nosocomial infections, Vancomycin, MecA gene, Pvl gene. Continuous....

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS USING TOUCHDOWN PCR AND PHENOTYPIC METHODS FROM PATIENTS AND HOSPITALS ENVIRONMENTS IN DIFFERENT IRAQI CITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1356-1364
Author(s):  
A. M. Abd Zaid ◽  
N. J. Kandala
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Base Medium ◽  
Touchdown Pcr ◽  
Phenotypic Methods

The study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MRSA in some Iraqi hospitals and determine the most powerful methods for identification of MRSA, in order to achieve the, 278 samples were collected from different hospitals in Iraq in various intervals, 204 out of 287 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus by conventional cultural methods and microscopic characteristics and 177 isolates are identified as MRSA by using HiCrome MeReSa Agar Base medium, but 154 of 177 (87%) isolates are methicillin resistance in sensitivity test. MRSA isolates were highly resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and considered multidrug resistant (MDR) in percent of (94.9%). Touchdown PCR used to identify the isolates, 97.05% were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, while 80.88%  as MRSA.                  

scholarly journals Detection of mecA gene by latex agglutination and its molecular analysis by PCR in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1363-1370
Author(s):  
Aneela Khawaja ◽  
Iffat Javed ◽  
Sohaila Mushtaq ◽  
Saeed Anwar ◽  
Faiqa Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agglutination Method ◽  
Resistant Strains

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a devastating question that is threatening the health globally. The extensive and indiscriminative use of antibiotics has evolved a notorious resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.  This resistance developed through possession of mecA gene, which codes for modified penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) and the emergent strain being labeled “methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. Conventional phenotypic techniques for detection of MRSA rely on standardization of cultural characteristics. The drawbacks of diagnostic error to report MRSA include: poor prognosis, expensive treatment, dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains and even treatment failure. Latex agglutination method can be adopted as a more accurate and quick strategy for rapid detection of methicillin resistance. Objectives: To compare detection of mecA gene in methicillin resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by latex agglutination and PCR; by assessing the sensitivity and specificity of both methods. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Pathology Department, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Period: From January 2015 to December 2015; according to standard operating procedures at Microbiology laboratory. Material & Methods: A total 713 consecutive, non-duplicate isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were processed. Methicillin resistance was determined using cefoxitin (30mg) by Kirby-Bauer method using CLSI guideline (2016), latex agglutination method; and PCR for mecA gene. Results: The results showed that out of 713 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 92 (12.90%) isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and were labelled as MRSA. majority MRSA isolates recovered from pus (44.57%) and wound swab (20.65%), followed by blood (13.04%), fluid (8.70%), CSF (4.35%), CVP (3.26%), HVS (3.26%) and tracheal secretion (2.17%). By latex agglutination method, 87 (94.50%) were positive for PBP2a; while on PCR mecA gene was detected only in 82 (89.10%) MRSA isolates. When assessed with PCR (gold standard) the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of latex agglutination was 100% and 94.57%, respectively. Conclusion: Latex agglutination test can be employed as rapid and reliable diagnostic technique in MRSA isolates for mecA gene detection, where resources for molecular methods are inadequate. This can effectually lessen the misdiagnosis of resistant strains, and over/ ill-use of antibiotics.

Intravenous Antibiotics Used in the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Kristine Anne Scordo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in medical care, the prevalence of both community-acquired and hospital-acquired MRSA has progressively increased. Community-acquired MRSA typically occurs in patients without recent illness or hospitalization, presents as acute skin and soft tissue infections, and is usually not multidrug resistant. Hospital-acquired MRSA, however, presents in patients recently hospitalized or treated in long-term care settings and in those who have had medical procedures and is usually associated with multidrug-resistant strains. Both types of infections, if not properly treated, have the potential to become invasive. This article discusses current intravenous antibiotics that are available for the empiric treatment of MRSA infections along with a newer phenomenon known as the “seesaw effect.”

scholarly journals Prevalence of Shigella spp and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Select Commercially Processed Meat Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-66
Author(s):  
Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi ◽  
Helen Inikpi Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
The Mean

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shigella spp and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in some selected commercially processed ready-to-eat snail (Archachatina marginata) and edible worm (Rhynchophorus phoenicis). Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were obtained from vendors along the Benin-Sapele express road, South-South Nigeria, over a two months period (November to December, 2019). Methodology: The enumeration of total heterotrophic counts, total Shigella counts and total Staphylococcus aureus counts were done using nutrient agar, Salmonella Shigella agar and mannitol salt agar respectively. All isolates were further identified by their cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were identified using methicillin-oxacillin agar, while the antibiogramic profile of selected isolates and their multidrug resistant profile were done according to the CSLI guideline. Results: The mean heterotrophic bacterial counts (THCs) obtained in Rhynchophorus phoenicis ranged from 0.00 × 10³ ± 0.00 cfu/g to 500.00 × 10³ ± 0.00 cfu/g, while the mean THCs obtained in Archachatina marginata ranged from 13.3 × 10³ ± 1.15 cfu/g to 500 × 10³ ± 0.00 cfu/g. The total Staphylococcus aureus obtained in Rhynchophorus phoenicis was between 0.00 × 10³ ± 0.00 cfu/g to 294 × 10³ ± 4.7 cfu/g and the Shigella bacteria counts from 0.00 × 10³ ± 0.00 cfu/g to 258 × 10³ ± 14.64 cfu/g. The antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from both Rhynchophorus phoenicis and Archachatina marginata, found the majority of isolates (96.67%) to be resistant to ceftazidime and cefuroxime, while 83.33% of the isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin. All Staphylococcus isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cloxacillin and amoxycillin clavulanate. The multidrug resistant index recorded was between 37.5 and 100. All Staphylococcus (9) isolates tested for methicillin resistance was observed to be positive. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that RTE vended meat products sold in along Benin City By-pass, contains Shigella and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus species, which are potential foodborne pathogens and efforts should be made at eliminating them from these vended meat products.

scholarly journals Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Typing of Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Selected Hospitals in Lahore

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeeza T ◽  
Naeem R ◽  
Nadeem A
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sccmec Types

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been reported in up to 42% of isolates in Pakistan. Methicillin resistance is encoded by the mecA gene and it is transferred by a unique genetic vector called staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec). Depending upon the selection pressures of antibiotics, different types of SCCmec elements may prevail in different parts of the world. Materials and Methods: Therefore, this study was designed to fi nd out the major SCCmec types present in selected hospitals of Lahore. For this purpose thirty fi ve MRSA isolates were collected. These strains were reconfi rmed and SCCmec types were determined by multiplex PCR. Results: It was found that 21 (60%) isolates possess SCCmec type IA while 14 (40%) isolates possess SCCmec type IIC. Conclusion: These cassettes are shown to be multiresistant and have not been reported in other Asian countries so far.

scholarly journals Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Shellfish (Corbiculid heterodont) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Seighazi Regina Egege ◽  
Nedie Patience Akani ◽  
Chidiebele Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nwankwo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

Aims/Objective: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dominant cause of severe healthcare-associated (HA) infections but has recently emerged as Community-Associated (CA-MRSA) and Livestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). This study was carried out to detect the presence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus in Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Corbiculid heterodont in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Place of Study: This study was conducted in Yenagoa, Southern Ijaw and Sagbama Local Government Areas, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methodology: Fifty-three samples (dried, fried and stewed) of the RTE C. heterodont were collected and subjected to standard microbiological procedures. Results: Seventy Staphylococcus spp. were isolated, consisting of 65 (92.86%) S. aureus and 5 (7.14%) coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS). Out of the 65 S. aureus isolates, 53.8% were MRSA. Susceptibility pattern of MRSA showed a decreasing trend of resistance in the order: Amoxacillin, Ampicillin-Cloxacillin, Cefoxitin, and Oxacillin (100%) > Streptomycin (82.9%) >Ceftriaxone (40%) >Cefuroxime (31.4%), > Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (17.1%) > Gentamycin and Pefloxacin (8.6%) > Erythromycin (2.9%).Out of the 65 S. aureus isolates, 62 (95.4%) had Multidrug Resistance Index > 0.2 while 3 (4.6%) had 0.2 as their Multidrug Resistance Index. The MRSA isolates were 100% Multidrug Resistant (MDR) while the Methicillin-Sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were 90% MDR. Molecular characterization of ten S. aureus isolates confirmed 80% S. aureus isolates and 20% CONS (S. sciuri and S. warneri).  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Agarose gel-electrophoresis were used to detect the presence of mecA gene, a gene that confers methicillin resistance. The mecA gene with size 500bp was identified in 50% of MRSA. This study reported presence of MRSA and MDR S. aureus in C. heterodont sold in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. This could be the avenue for the spread of MRSA. Public health awareness campaigns should be advocated to enhance hygienic practices in the handling and distribution of food.

EVALUATION OF THE METHOSD FOR DETECTION METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

2013 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Thi Kim Chi Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Binh Tran ◽  
Thi Nam Lien Nguyen ◽  
Van Tuan Mai ◽  
Godreuil Sylvain
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

Objective: To evaluate the infections that caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the value of the tests to detect Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Subjects and Methods: Used routine techniques to culture and isolate S.aureus, test the antibiotic sensitivity by Kirby-Bauerr, determination the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Oxacillin and cefoxitin disc and PCR in identified the mecA gene Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The rate of Staphylococcus aureus isolated is highest which isolated from pus specimens (55.06%). In 267 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in the Department of Microbiology, Hue Central Hospital the Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus was 61.42%. The level of antibiotic resistant strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is higher than that in Methicillin-sensitive strains. Conclusion: Cefoxitin 30 microg disk diffusion method to detect Methicillin resistance is effective for determinate Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (sensitivity and specificity are all 100.00%). Key words: Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-resistant.

scholarly journals Public transport: a large scale fomite of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
VinodKumar C. S. ◽  
Sonika Prasad ◽  
Satish Patil ◽  
Aditya Reddy V. ◽  
Ankita Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Public Transport System

Background: The role of public transport as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci was determined.Methods: 200 swabs were collected from 50 public buses (urban and rural) circulating in Davangere, Karnataka. Swabs collected were inoculated on Blood agar, Mannitol salt agar and MacConkey agar plates. After incubation for 24-48 hours, plates were examined for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-microbial susceptibility test was performed using oxacillin 1ug disc to detect methicillin resistance as per CSLI guidelines.Results: Out of 40 Staphylococcus aureus isolated 35 isolates were resistant to more than two classes of antibiotics, hence multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Out of 35 MDR isolates, 18 were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Minimum inhibitory concentration test revealed that out of 35 MDR isolates, 18 isolates had MIC value of ≥ 4µg/ml.Conclusions: The recovery methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from public transport system implies a potential risk for transmission of these bacteria in community.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Effects of Methanol Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum L on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Urine

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Chinaza Onwubiko ◽  
Chinweizu Ejikeme Udobi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Bryophyllum Pinnatum

There are major concerns about rising levels of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This is due to the difficulties in treating the infections which they cause and .the ease with which they spread in hospitals. This has necessitated the continuous search for alternative anti-MRSA agents. Efforts in this study was therefore directed at isolation of MRSA from the urine of patients and its susceptibility to the methanol extract and aqueous fraction of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Urine samples from the urine of patients were screened for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus using conventional microbiological methods. Confirmed isolates were screened for methicillin resistance by confirming their susceptibility or otherwise to 30µg cefoxitin. Detection of Mec A gene by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was further used to confirm some MRSA isolates. Conventional susceptibility testing methods were used to compare the activity of both methanol extract of Brophyllum pinnatum and its aqueous fraction on the MRSA isolates. Results obtained confirmed the susceptibility of the MRSA isolates to the extracts and that their activity was time dependent. It also showed that the extract was only moderately toxic with an LD50 of 866.03mg/kg body weight and that at the MIC and 2xMIC their activity was only bacteriostatic. Results obtained are intended to be used to prove that in the search for alternative anti- MRSA agents from natural sources, Bryophyllum pinnatum will be a possible candidate for further investigation. 

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