THE BYZANTINE-ISLAMIC CONFLICT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN, ACCORDING TO PICARD'S OPINION IN HIS BOOK, THE SEA OF THE CALIPHS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-243
Author(s):  
Om Alhana Muhammad Nasr MOHAMMED ◽  
Mabrouka Muhammad Al Ghanay HUSSEIN
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
White Sea ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Narrative Approach ◽  
The White Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Throughout the ages, the Mediterranean was considered a Roman lake, and historians and travelers have always considered it as such, and its name changed for them. Some of them called it the Roman Sea, while others called it the White Sea, and no one would have imagined that this Roman lake that Roman ships sailed in, and after that it was inherited by the Byzantines. It will become an Islamic lake, including Henry Perrin of England, followed by Christophe Picard, author of the book Bahr al-Khulafa '. The importance of this research lies in introducing the author of the book, Bahr al-Khulafa ', and highlighting the underlying reason for adhering to the theory that the Mediterranean is a Roman Sea, while the objectives of the research come to reveal the invalidity of the theory that historians adhere to the West, which says that trade in the Mediterranean will collapse with the entry of Muslims into it. The most prominent results of the research were the finding that Picard is only one of the Orientalists, who despite his presence in the countries of the East and his calls that he is an Arabist, not an Orientalist, was unable to deny the accusation of Muslims of piracy in the Mediterranean. The two researchers adopted the historical narrative approach with comparison and analysis whenever the need arises

Peace in Non-Western Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-203
Author(s):  
Necati Polat
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
The West ◽  
Peace Research ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
Western Theory ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This chapter looks critically into the exhortations in recent peace thinking to accommodate visions of peace outside European modernity, called the West. The discussion problematizes the premise of a radical distinction in cultural terms between the West and the non-West, questioning for each front the notion of a linear cultural transmission from ancient times onward. The binary, the chapter argues, is premised effectively on an oblivion of hybridities, especially in the Mediterranean basin, already before modernity and, later, under modernity, of the virtual recasting of much of what has been out there in the periphery, however named or classified, in the image of modernity. The chapter then considers some of the characteristic oversimplifications in peace research around the theme, which, albeit with a strong anti-ethnocentric posture to begin with, end up largely reproducing the classical Orientalism in its reductionisms.

scholarly journals Variability of tropospheric methane above the Mediterranean Basin inferred from satellite and model data

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 9975-10024
Author(s):  
P. Ricaud ◽  
B. Sič ◽  
L. El Amraoui ◽  
J.-L. Attié ◽  
P. Huszar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
The West ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract. The space and time variabilities of methane (CH4) total column and upper tropospheric mixing ratios are analyzed above the Mediterranean Basin (MB) as part of the Chemical and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) programme. Spaceborne measurements from the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) instrument on the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) satellite, the Atmospheric InfraRed Spectrometer (AIRS) on the AURA platform and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) instrument aboard the MetOp-A platform are used in conjunction with model results from the Chemical Transport Model (CTM) MOCAGE, and the Chemical Climate Models (CCMs) CNRM-AOCCM and LMDz-OR-INCA (according to different emission scenarios). In order to minimize systematic errors in the spaceborne measurements, we have only considered maritime pixels over the MB. The period under interest spans from 2008 to 2011 considering satellite and MOCAGE data and, regarding the CCMs, from 2001 to 2010. An East-West gradient in CH4 is observed and modelled whatever the season considered. In winter, air masses mainly originating from Atlantic Ocean and Europe tend to favour an elevated amount of mid-to-upper tropospheric CH4 in the West vs. the East of the MB, with a general upward transport above the MB. In summer, the meteorological state of the MB is changed, favouring air from Northern Africa and Middle East together with Atlantic Ocean and Europe, with a general downward motion above the MB. The Asian Monsoon traps and uplifts high amounts of CH4 that are transported towards North Africa and Middle East by the Asian Monsoon Anticyclone to finally reach and descent in the East of the MB. Consequently, the mid-to-upper tropospheric CH4 is much greater in the East than in the West of the MB. The seasonal variation of the difference in CH4 between the East and the West MB does show a maximum in summer for pressures from 500 to 100 hPa considering both spaceborne measurements and model results whatever the emission scenarios used. From this study, we can conclude that CH4 in the mid-to-upper troposphere over the MB is mainly affected by long-range transport, particularly intense in summer from Asia. In the low-to-mid troposphere, the local sources of emission in the vicinity of the MB mainly affect the CH4 variability.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Devereux
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
The West ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Overseas Expansion ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This chapter examines the Spanish expansion into the Mediterranean basin during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as the monarchy sought to forge a multicontinental empire at the heart of the Old World. It talks about the fact that the early modern Spanish Empire is often thought of as an Atlantic empire, one that arose as a result of the Castilian colonies of the Caribbean and, later, the American mainland. It also provides a reminder that during the early decades of overseas expansion, Spain looked to the east as much as it did to the west. The chapter seeks to address historical discrepancies by analyzing arguments that fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Spaniards developed in order to justify acts of war and conquest in the context of the Mediterranean. It connects Spain's Mediterranean imperial project to its Atlantic corollary, reviewing the ways in which the Mediterranean experience sometimes informed and influenced Spanish arguments justifying war and conquest in the Americas.

Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the shape and impact of piracy in the eastern half of the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire’s administrative, legal, and diplomatic response. In the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, piracy had a tremendous effect on the formation of international law, the conduct of diplomacy, the articulation of Ottoman imperial and Islamic law, and their application in Ottoman courts. Piracy and Law draws on research in archives and libraries in Istanbul, Venice, Crete, London, and Paris to bring the Ottoman state and Ottoman victims into the story for the first time. It explains why piracy exploded after the 1570s and why the Ottoman state was largely unable to marshal an effective military solution even as it responded dynamically in the spheres of law and diplomacy. By focusing on the Ottoman victims, jurists, and officials who had to contend most with the consequences of piracy, Piracy and Law reveals a broader range of piratical practitioners than the Muslim and Catholic corsairs who have typically been the focus of study and considers their consequences for the Ottoman state and those who traveled through Ottoman waters. This book argues that what made the eastern half of the Mediterranean basin the Ottoman Mediterranean, more than sovereignty or naval supremacy—which was ephemeral—was that it was a legal space. The challenge of piracy helped to define its contours.

Unfinished and Less Authored Texts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Jewish Writers

The concept of textual unfinishedness played a role in a wide variety of cultures and contexts across the Mediterranean basin in antiquity and late antiquity. Chapter 2 documents examples of Greek, Roman, and Jewish writers reflecting explicitly in their own words about unfinished texts. Many writers claimed to have written unfinished texts on purpose for specific cultural reasons, while others claimed to have written texts that slipped out of their hands somehow with their permission.

The Alphabet and its Legacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Madadh Richey
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Generative Power ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Alphabetic Writing ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The alphabet employed by the Phoenicians was the inheritor of a long tradition of alphabetic writing and was itself adapted for use throughout the Mediterranean basin by numerous populations speaking many languages. The present contribution traces the origins of the alphabet in Sinai and the Levant before discussing different alphabetic standardizations in Ugarit and Phoenician Tyre. The complex adaptation of the latter for representation of the Greek language is described in detail, then some brief attention is given to likely—Etruscan and other Italic alphabets—and possible (Iberian and Berber) descendants of the Phoenician alphabet. Finally, it is stressed that current research does not view the Phoenician and other alphabets as inherently simpler, more easily learned, or more democratic than other writing systems. The Phoenician alphabet remains, nevertheless, an impressive technological development worthy, especially by virtue of its generative power, of detailed study ranging from paleographic and orthographic specifications to social and political contextualization.

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